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CARBON REMOVAL 101 27 2. Ecosystem restoration and enhancement: Many ecosystems provide natural carbon sinks, but have been degraded over time by agricultural and urban expan- sion or other anthropogenic forces. Restoring carbon-storing ecosystems like peatlands and mangroves sequesters carbon in plant material and soils, while also providing numerous other ecosystem services. In addition, restoring and enhancing marine ecosystems can also provide carbon capture and storage over long time periods. 3. Reforestation and Afforestation: Re- forestation and afforestation (planting of forests in areas previously not forested) are a common subset of ecosystem restoration and enhancement. Forestry practices can remove CO2 from the atmosphere and store it in plant material. Avoided deforestation is not consid- ered a carbon removal technique because it only maintains, rather than enhances, natural sinks. 4. Biochar: Biochar (referred to in other contexts as charcoal) results from the pyrolysis of biomass, which involves heating biomass in the absence of oxygen. Biochar systems rely on plants to pull carbon out of the air through photosynthesis. The pyrolysis process trans- forms that biomass into a stable biochar that decomposes slowly (and thus does not release carbon back into the air for decades, if not centuries). The resulting biochar product can be used for agriculture (as a soil amendment), waste treatment (as a filter), and/or land recla- mation. BIOCHAR’S CARBON NEGATIVE ENERGY POTENTIAL During the biochar production process, bio- mass is either pyrolyzed or gasified to create both bioenergy and biochar. The bioenergy products (in the form of syngas or bio-oils) can then be used to provide heat and/or power, resulting in a carbon-negative energy system. For example, All Power Labs, located in Berkeley, CA, is working on a carbon-nega- tive biomass gasifier that produces a biochar soil amendment. Similarly, Cool Planet Energy received a $91 million loan guarantee from the U.S. De- partment of Agriculture to develop carbon negative drop in fuels and CoolTerra bio- char soil amendments from biomass pyroly- zation.PDF Image | Philanthropy Final Report
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