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COMMERCIALIZATION STEPPING STONES: Most companies pursuing direct air capture today are using the captured CO2 for car- bon-neutral “recycling” rather than carbon removal. For example, recycling CO2 into synthetic fuels, chemicals, beverage production, and greenhouses can provide viable near-term business cases for direct air capture technologies. These preliminary uses can lead to technology innovation and drive down costs without strong carbon regulation, and can pave the way for larger-scale carbon-negative deployment of these technologies in the future. CARBON REMOVAL 101 30 CHEMICAL CARBON REMOVAL Chemical carbon removal approaches strip carbon from the air by artificial processes analogous to natural photosynthesis or by speeding up chemical reactions that occur naturally between certain min- erals and CO2 in the air. 6. Direct Air Capture: Direct air capture (DAC) and storage technologies can capture industri- al-scale quantities of CO2 from ambient air using solvents, filters, or other methods. Because direct air capture systems do not generate energy, they create net-negative emissions only when powered with low-carbon energy sources and when the cap- tured CO2 is sequestered. DAC systems can also be deployed to reduce CO2 emissions by making car- bon-neutral fuels and chemicals, but these applica- tions of DAC are not considered carbon removal. The technologies deployed in DAC systems can overlap with the technologies used for traditional CCS from exhaust gas. The main difference be- tween DAC and CCS from power plant exhaust gas is that power plant exhaust streams have con- centrations of CO2 between 5 and 15% depending on the fuel source, while the CO2 concentration of ambient air for DAC is orders or magnitude more dilute (around 0.04%). The relatively dilute concen- tration of CO2 in the atmosphere requires DAC systems to employ novel designs and chemicals for capture. A key benefit of DAC systems is that they can be sited directly at CO2 storage or utilization sites, eliminating the costly CO2 transportation and permitting considerations associated with tradition- al CCS systems on power plants.PDF Image | Philanthropy Final Report
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