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from differences in either adsorption equilibrium or adsorption kinetics between the components to be separated. While a PSA process carries out adsorption at superambient pressure and desorption at near-ambient pressure level, a vacuum swing adsorption (VSA) process undergoes adsorption at near-ambient pressure, while desorption is achieved under vacuum. Practical PSA/VSA processes are substantially sophisticated with multiple adsorber columns executing a wide variety of non-steady-state operating steps in a non-trivial sequence. Besides adsorption and desorption, such a sequence also involves a multitude of complementary operating steps essential to control product gas purity and recovery, and optimize overall separation efficiency. Each bed undergoes this sequence of steps repeatedly, and thus the entire PSA system operates in a cyclic manner. Some of the advantages of PSA systems and key reasons for recent growth of this technology are as below [31, 168]: • PSA and VSA processes operate at ambient temperatures and do not require any solvent for product recovery or adsorbent regeneration. As a result, their capital expenditure is quite less compared to cryogenic technologies. Primary operating cost for these processes comes from the energy requirements for compression and vacuum generation. Hence, PSA processes are cost-effective compared to traditional technologies, and are especially desirable when lower production rates or lower product purities are required. • Pressure manipulation serves as an extra degree of thermodynamic freedom, thus intro- ducing significant flexibility in process design as compared with conventional technologies such as distillation, extraction or absorption. • Numerous microporous-mesoporous adsorbents are available which are specifically tai- lored and engineered for a particular application, thus exhibiting high selectivity and adsorption capacity which leads to extremely high purity and recovery separation. • Optimum marriage between a material and a process while synthesizing the separation scheme drives innovation and leads to highly efficient designs for PSA processes. 1.1 PSA Overview Chapter 1. Introduction 3PDF Image | Design and Operation of Pressure Swing Adsorption Processes
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