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2.1 Adsorption Phenomena and Processes 2.1 Adsorption Phenomena and Processes As discussed by Coulson et al. [55], Yang [206], and Vermeulen et al. [190], adsorption involves contacting a free fluid phase (gas or liquid) with a rigid particulate phase which has the property of selectively taking up and storing one or more solute species originally contained in the fluid. Besides adsorption, the conditions for desorption must also exist as it is usually necessary to reuse the adsorbent. The fluid-solid interaction leads to a reduction in potential energy of the fluid molecules in the vicinity of adsorbent surface. As a result, the fluid molecules concentrate such that their molecular density in this region is substantially greater than the free fluid phase. The strength of such a surface interaction depends on the nature of both the solid adsorbent and the fluid adsorbate. Consequently, different substances adsorb with different affinities. Such a selectivity provides the basis to achieve separation in adsorption separation processes, such as Pressure Swing Adsorption. If the fluid-surface interactions involves weak forces, such as van der Waals, we observe physical adsorption or physisorption. In contrast, if the forces are strong and involve electron transfer, the phenomena is called chemisorption. As highlighted by Ruthven et al. [156], adsorption separation processes utilize physisorption as it leads to economically viable desorp- tion and regeneration of the spent adsorbent by manipulating external operating conditions. Adsorbent regeneration is an important aspect of adsorption separation processes. A given adsorbent has a finite solute uptake capacity from the free fluid phase and must be cleaned for re-utilization. Thus, the adsorption phenomena should be reversible. Such reversibility is economically achieved in case of physisorption compared to chemisorption. Based on the principle of adsorption and adsorbent regeneration, adsorption separation processes are designed to operate in a cyclic manner. Often two fixed-bed adsorbers are provided, such that one is used for adsorption while the other is being regenerated. For separating components from gaseous mixtures, following two kinds of adsorption separation processes are generally employed [181]: • Temperature Swing Adsorption (TSA): In this process, bulk separation of a mixed Chapter 2. Pressure Swing Adsorption 12PDF Image | Design and Operation of Pressure Swing Adsorption Processes
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