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gas is achieved by repeating adsorption at a lower temperature and desorption at a higher temperature. The cyclic operation in this case typically takes a rather long time because of a relatively large time constant of heat transfer due to poor thermal conduction in the adsorbent packed bed. • Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA): In this process, bulk separation of a mixed gas is achieved by repeating adsorption at a higher pressure and desorption at a lower pressure. In this case, the step time for desorption is of the same order of magnitude as that of the adsorption (sometimes even smaller). Hence, this process enjoys shorter cycle time and more productivity compared to TSA, and thus, is preferred. An alternative to manipulate pressure and temperature is to alter the composition of the fluid phase to control the direction of adsorption. This operation, called Concentration Swing Adsorption (CSA), is utilized when the free fluid phase is a liquid. Such aforementioned processes are collectively viewed as Periodic Adsorption Processes (PAPs). 2.2 Adsorbent Properties As mentioned before, physisorption is caused mainly by weak forces between fluid molecules and adsorbent surface. Thus, adsorbents are characterized by surface properties such as surface area. Moreover, the role of an adsorbent is to provide surface for selective adsorption of certain components from the fluid phase. Hence, the desirable properties which an adsorbent should possess are as follows [138]: • Capacity: An adsorbent is desired to provide a large specific surface area for a large adsorption capacity. A low capacity adsorbent leads to longer and expensive adsorbent beds. The creation of a large internal surface area in a limited volume is commercially achieved by casting adsorbents from microporous materials. In addition to micropores, some adsorbents have larger pores called macropores which result from aggregation of fine powders into pellets. A typical porous adsorbent particle is illustrated in Figure 2.1. 2.2 Adsorbent Properties Chapter 2. Pressure Swing Adsorption 13PDF Image | Design and Operation of Pressure Swing Adsorption Processes
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