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operation consists of four distinct steps, pressurization, adsorption, depressurization (counter- current), and light reflux (or desorption). In the first step (Step 1), bed 1 is pressurized by high-pressure feed gas from feed end, while bed 2 is depressurized in a counter-current fashion (Step 3) and strongly-adsorbed component (heavy product) is removed. Next, high- pressure feed gas is continued through bed 1 where adsorption of heavy product (Step 2) takes place while product gas enriched in weakly-adsorbed component (light product) leaves the top. During this period, a fraction of the light product gas is drawn out to bed 2 at low pressure to purge and further desorb the accumulated heavy adsorbate counter-currently, called the light reflux step (Step 4). Further, the beds interchange roles and execute previous steps of the other bed. Eventually, both beds repeat all the four steps in a cyclic manner. The idea behind the light reflux step is to flush the void spaces within the bed and to ensure that at least the upper end of the bed, where light product is withdrawn, is completely free of the heavy product. Moreover, counter-current operation during depressurization and light reflux steps prevents retention of the heavy product at least at the upper end of the bed, thereby reducing the amount of purge used in Step 4. Increasing the purge amount increases the light product purity but inevitably reduces its recovery. Also, the operating pressure during Step 2 substantially influences light product losses during Step 3 and 4. Higher adsorption pressure increases losses during Step 3, while low pressure increases losses during Step 4 [156]. The Skarstrom cycle represents the most basic operation of a PSA process. To improve the purity and recovery of light or heavy products or both, as well as to design PSA processes for multi-component feed mixtures, several modified configurations have been proposed in the literature with a multitude of distinct operating steps such as light product or heavy product pressurization, desorption with heavy product as purge gas, co-current depressurization, pres- sure equalization etc. [43, 62, 129, 196, 213, 202]. The processes differ from one another with respect to the kinds of operating steps as well as the sequence in which these steps are carried out. Industrial PSA operations adopt more sophisticated modes to increase product purity and 2.4 PSA Operation Chapter 2. Pressure Swing Adsorption 23PDF Image | Design and Operation of Pressure Swing Adsorption Processes
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