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of a volumetric flow rate. The bed length is fixed and is assumed to be 12 metres. For all the case studies, we also assume an efficiency of 72% for all compressors and the vacuum generator in the superstructure [30]. Activated carbon is chosen as the adsorbent, especially to extract CO2. Based on the breakthrough tests, Jee et al. [98] recommended activated carbon for high recovery CO2 separation. The scope of this study is to explore the limits of the performance of the PSA processes for this sorbent. We also note that other sorbents, such as alumina, molecular sieves, zeolite (also in layers), are also applicable and these form the basis for future study with this synthesis technique. The properties and other model parameters for activated carbon are listed in Table 5.1 [100]. Although a large number of spatial and temporal discretization nodes are essential to accurately capture the dynamic movement of the steep adsorption fronts, we consider only 10 spatial finite volumes and 10 temporal finite elements for the NLP to obtain the solution in a reasonable amount of time. Because of such a small number of nodes, accuracy validation of the optimal solution obtained from IPOPT by performing more accurate dynamic simulations in MATLAB at the optimal values is extremely essential. Here we consider two different approaches for accuracy verification. In the first approach, called the step-by-step approach, each operating step of the cycle is simulated in MATLAB for only one cycle, and the purities and recoveries are then compared with AMPL results. The initial condition for each step and the time-dependent fluxes between the beds are taken from the AMPL solution. The number of spatial finite volumes are kept same for both AMPL and MATLAB. Note that, depending on the accuracy, the MATLAB solution may or may not be at CSS after simulating each step in this approach. In the second approach, called the full-cycle approach, entire cycle is simulated in MATLAB multiple times until CSS is achieved. In this approach, we consider more spatial finite volumes for MATLAB simulation. While the step-by-step approach only verifies temporal accuracy, the full-cycle approach validates both spatial and temporal accuracy. Although the full-cycle approach yields more accurate comparison, the step-by-step approach is useful in getting a quick assessment of the validity and physical correctness of the AMPL solution. 5.2 Case Setup Chapter 5. Superstructure Case Study: Pre-combustion CO2 Capture 77PDF Image | Design and Operation of Pressure Swing Adsorption Processes
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