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because less product is made and recovery is lower. This tends to increase the work required per mole of species B, especially near the lower limit of IT, where work is done, but almost no product is made. For a given PL , as n increases, the net work required per liter of light gas decreases and approaches a limit. For a given 1% as PL increases, the work required per liter increases. When P H > Po, this increase in work can be attributed to the irreversibilities that occurs during throttling. It is important to note that when PL< Po,although work is required for blowdown and purge (this is not the case when PL > Po), the work required is less than whenPL>Po. ThisseemstoimplythatthevacuumFour-Stepcyclerequireslessenergy to produce a given amount of pure product. In reality, this would depend on the efficiency of the vacuum pumps used for the blowdown and purge steps. When we divide the reversible work to produce one mole of pure oxygen by the net Four-Step cycle work to produce the same amount of gas at the same recovery, we find the ratio depicted in Figure 3.14. This is the second law efficiency of the cycle. For example, at PL = 1 atm. and U = 7, the second law efficiency 2.7%. The second law efficiency increases as PL decreases because less compression work is lost by mrottling. As II increases, the second law efficiency also increases because recovery increases. At the lower limit of IT, the second law efficiency is zero; again because no product is made and work is done. The second law efficiency is greater for the vacuum Four-Step cycle than for the Four-Step cycle with PL > Po. 73PDF Image | Energy Efficiency of Gas Separation Pressure Swing Adsorption
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