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3.3 The Ideal Four-Step Cycle 3.3.1 Introduction At many points during the Four-Step cycle, gas was irreversibly expanded and availability was lost. In the Ideal Four-Step cycle, all of the throttling irreversibilities are removed by recovering the work used to pressurize the gas. The following is a list of the four steps of the Ideal Four-Step cycle and how they compare to those of the Four- Step cycle. A sketch of the cycle and the energy recovered in each step can be seen in Figure 3.18. 1. Feed. The feed step of the Ideal Four-Step cycle is the same as the feed step of the Four-Step cycle. As the pressure is constant and the gas flows are effected by pistons, there are no irreversibilities due to throttling. The irreversibility that exists in this step is due to the shock wave, and as the shock wave is necessary for separation, this irreversibility cannot be removed. 2. Blowdown. During blowdown, the pressure in the bed is reduced from PH to PL. In the Four-Step cycle we assumed that if PH > Po > PL, no energy was used or recovered as the pressure fell from PH to Po; the gas was just allowed to escape to the atmosphere, and work was only required to evacuate the bed from Po to PL. In the Ideal Four-Step cycle, we must recover the energy from the gas leaving the system when the bed pressure is above atmospheric, and use energy when the bed pressure is below atmospheric. 3. Purge. The purge gas in the Four-Step cycle was obtained by throttling gas from the product piston at PH down to PL. This tJirottiing process represents a loss of avaUability, which the Ideal Four-Step cycle recovers by expanding the purge 77PDF Image | Energy Efficiency of Gas Separation Pressure Swing Adsorption
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