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6. Conclusions Previous to this work, all of the energy losses in PSA processes were grouped into what was known as PSA Bed Losses. In this work, a semi-analytical model (based on the Binary Linear Isotherm model of Knaebel and Hill, 1985, which has been validated by experimental results) has been developed that is capable of separating the energy losses of the Four-Step cycle into those that are the result of throttling irreversibiHties and those that are the result of reversibilities inherent to the separation process. The following are general conclusions about this semi-analytic model: 1. The irreversible expansion of gas through throttling valves accounts for the majority of the energy losses for the Four-Step cycle utilizing pressurization with product. By comparing the Ideal Four-Step cycle (in which all of the expansion energy is recovered by reversible turbines) to the Four-Step cycle, we find that in the case of oxygen concentration on Zeolite 5A (low pressure PL= 1 atm, pressure ratio n = 15.6), 87.91% of the energy input to the cycle is lost through throttling. 2. The amount of useful work done by the Four-Step cycle (represented by the increase in availabihty of the product and exhaust) is very small compared with the work input to the system. For the example mentioned above, the useful work is only 3.90% of the work input. 3. The true bed losses, which are contained within the bed and are inherent in the separation process account for 8.19% of the work input for the example mentioned above. These losses are associated with the irreversibiHties that occur 141PDF Image | Energy Efficiency of Gas Separation Pressure Swing Adsorption
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