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applications, PSA is the logical choice for small medical devices, often labeled personal oxygen concentrators (POCs). These small scale devices have numerous advantages over oxygen cylinders, the alternative option for oxygen therapy, including portability and permitted use on airplanes. However, the technology is not fully mature and opportunity remains to improve the size and efficiency of these devices. Creating a superior device is lucrative because the market for oxygen therapy in North America alone is expected to grow from around $2.7 billion in 2014 to over $7 billion in 2024. Moreover, COPD has been projected to become the third leading cause of death in the world by 2030, which further increases future need for oxygen therapy.1 While large scale PSA processes are well researched, less is known about small scale operations. Significant differences exist between large and small scale processes that potentially change process limitations. The goal of this dissertation is characterizing and understanding these differences to improve the future design of POCs. 1.2 Scope of Work The most significant difference between large and small scale processes, other than overall process size, is the smaller particle size used in the packed column(s). In literature, it is well known that diffusion in the macropores of the adsorbent is the primary mass transfer resistance in columns packed with large zeolite particles (> 2mm).2 Despite little proof this applies to the particle size used in small scale processes, it is still often assumed as a reasonable approximation. As this study will demonstrate, this assumption is not correct, which has significant implications on how the mass transfer rate is measured or estimated. A suitable approximation for the mass transfer rate is critical for designing and simulating a small scale PSA process. Hence, a primary goal of 2PDF Image | LIMITS OF SMALL SCALE PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION
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