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this dissertation is to demonstrate what limits the mass transfer rate in columns of small particles. Limitations of small scale processes are currently not well understood because a commercial market for these processes has not existed until recently. Large scale processes operate much slower than small scale processes. Furthermore, the size of small scale processes is miniscule compared to industrial units where the production rate is orders of magnitude larger; hence limitations of larger units will not apply to these small units. Maximizing process performance relies on understanding these limitations. One particular challenge highlighted in this study is determining what limits adsorbent utilization. Decreasing cycle time for a PSA process typically results in a gain in adsorbent utilization, often represented in industry by the bed size factor (BSF). Increasing adsorbent utilization results in a lower BSF and smaller overall process size, which is highly attractive for portable systems. Currently, there is no consensus in literature if a lower limit for the BSF exists and what causes it. Furthermore, if a limit does exist, the primary cause of it remains unknown. Hence, the other main goal of this dissertation is to improve the understanding on what limits the size and speed of small scale PSA processes. This dissertation is organized in the following manner. Chapter 2 provides a broad overview of zeolites, adsorption, and pressure swing adsorption for those readers unfamiliar with these subjects. Chapter 3 provides specific details about the zeolite and equilibrium model used in this dissertation and introduces concepts related to column dynamics that are useful to understand this study. Chapter 4 reviews literature related to small scale PSA and introduces the challenges currently facing the field that are 3PDF Image | LIMITS OF SMALL SCALE PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION
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