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Figure 2.3 Structure of Type A (left), nitrogen molecule (center), and Type X or Y zeolites (right)7 The silicon and aluminum atoms within zeolites are interchangeable (although it can be difficult), allowing for a range of Si/Al ratios between one and infinity.9 If the ratio is reduced below one, the structure collapses. An aluminum atom induces a net negative charge on the structure, requiring an exchangeable cation to preserve structure electroneutrality. Cations are electrostatically bonded near an Al atom and are therefore not part of the zeolite structure; hence cation exchange is possible. Adjusting the Si/Al ratio and type of exchangeable cation permits zeolite modification for a specific purpose. A higher Si/Al ratio increases the hydrophobic nature of a zeolite, which is useful for removal of organics from water and catalytic applications where water is undesirable. The Si/Al ratio differentiates Type X and Y zeolites. It is between 1 and 1.5 for Type X zeolites, while the ratio is between 1.5 and ∞ for Type Y zeolites. A lower Si/Al ratio increases cation exchange capacity and the ability to adsorb polar molecules. Examples of commonly used exchangeable cations include Na+, K+, and Ca2+. 10PDF Image | LIMITS OF SMALL SCALE PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION
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