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The exchangeable cation determines the pore size and properties of the zeolite. For example, a Type 4A zeolite utilizes the exchangeable cation Na+ and all twenty three available sites within a unit cell. For a Type A zeolite, Na+ cations located on the eight membered ring that serves as the opening into the central cavity will restrict the free diameter of the ring to 3.8 Å (commonly referred to as a 4A zeolite). Forming a 3A zeolite requires substitution of Na+ with K+, which further reduces the free diameter since K+ is larger than Na+. A Ca2+ or Mg2+ cation substitution creates a relatively unobstructed ring since one bivalent cation replaces two univalent cations. This causes the cation to shift location from the main cavity window to inside the main cavity. The number of cations per unit cell controls the location of the exchangeable cations in the zeolite. A sodalite structure contains Type I, Type II, and Type III active exchangeable ion location sites, each with a different cation capacity. Type I sites are the most readily accessible and fill up first while Type III sites are the most difficult to access and fill up last. 2.1.3 Zeolite Applications The benefit of zeolites to industry has grown enormously over the last sixty years.6 Primary industrial applications include petroleum refining, petrochemical processing, detergent production, and separation and purification processes. Consumer applications include portable oxygen concentrators, stationary refrigerant drying, and air brake dryers for trucks and trains.6 Perhaps the largest industrial application is catalysis, which first became important in 1962 with the addition of zeolites as catalysts in a petroleum process called fluid catalytic cracking. Zeolites developed during this time 11PDF Image | LIMITS OF SMALL SCALE PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION
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