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were significantly more reactive in comparison to their predecessors, which decreased processing costs and substantially increased gasoline production.4 Examples of zeolites used in separation and purification processes include: 1) Removal of CO2, chlorides, and mercury from different process streams in petroleum refining; 2) Drying of hydrocarbon liquids, hydrogen, and cracked gas in petrochemical processes; 3) Drying and desulfrizing natural gas; 4) Removal of water, N2, and CO2 from air for cryogenic distillation or PSA processes; 5) Hydrogen purification; and 6) Xylene isomer separation, etc. Three types of separation are possible with zeolites. First, equilibrium separation occurs if there exists a difference in molecular interactions between the zeolite surface and adsorbate molecules. Equilibrium separation usually hinges on the polarity of the zeolite surface and adsorbate molecules. Another possibility, kinetic separation, exists if there is a difference in the transport rate (i.e. diffusion) of the adsorbate into the internal cavity of the zeolite. This requires the adsorbent micropore size to be similar to that of the adsorbate molecules undergoing separation. Finally, molecular sieving occurs if the size of a zeolite pore is too small for one molecule but not another in a fluid mixture. Air separation, the topic of this dissertation, involves equilibrium separation where the zeolite preferentially adsorbs nitrogen allowing for production of nearly pure oxygen at feed pressure. 5A and 13X zeolites are commonly used to accomplish this separation in a PSA process. 12PDF Image | LIMITS OF SMALL SCALE PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION
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