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2.2 Adsorption Adsorption by definition is the accumulation of fluid molecules at a surface. This phenomenon occurs because of an attraction between adsorbate molecules (either a gas or liquid) and an adsorbent surface (porous solid).7 There are two adsorption mechanisms, physical adsorption and chemisorption. Physical adsorption is of interest because it is easily reversible and can form more than one molecular layer. Chemisorption involves the formation of bonds between the adsorbate molcule and adsorbent surface. However, it can only form one molecular layer on a solid surface and it is not easily reversible, which limits its industrial impact for separation and purification processes. Air separation occurs via physical adsorption, hence all references to adsorption from this point forward in this dissertation refer to physical adsorption only. 2.2.1 Adsorption Fundamentals The attraction between an adsorbent and adsorbate molecules results from molecular interactions, which are a combination of permanent dipoles, induced dipoles, and London dispersion forces. Permanent dipoles occur in polar molecules as a result of an uneven distribution of charge in the electron cloud. Polar molecules can also induce an uneven charge distribution (i.e. polarity) in nonpolar molecules if they are close enough to interact. Nonpolar molecules do not have permanent dipoles when their charge is averaged over time. However, at any instantaneous moment they will have a dipole that has potential to induce a dipole on another nonpolar molecule, creating London Dispersion forces. Repulsion forces occur when molecules are too close to each other and their electron clouds overlap. When adsorption occurs, equilibrium exists between 13PDF Image | LIMITS OF SMALL SCALE PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION
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