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applications. Vacuum operation in air separation usually lies in the Henry’s law region of the isotherm where pressure ratio determines the possible purity and recovery.8 Under vacuum, adsorbent selectivity is always higher which improves recovery of the raffinate product and up to 30% in energy savings.7 By definition, there are three ways to increase PSA process productivity. First, employing an adsorbent with an increased capacity allows for either increased production of raffinate or a reduction in the amount of sorbent needed in the column, both of which will increase productivity.11 Another method is cycle time reduction. Typical industrial PSA processes have a cycle time as long as 10 minutes. When the cycle time is lowered to 30 seconds or below, it often referred to as rapid PSA (RPSA). 2.3.4 Air Separation Applications The largest application of air separation is the production of 90-94% pure oxygen gas for use in industrial processes and medical applications. The advancements discussed earlier produced improved PSA/VSA units in the mid-1980’s and 1990’s that used five times less adsorbent and two times less power.6 A simple two-column VSA system was able to produce over 100 tons of oxygen per day, which provided an alternative to cryogenic air separation. Compared to cryogenic systems with similar production, the VSA system had a higher capital cost, but allowed for a significant energy savings.6 A significant application for air separation through small scale PSA is personal oxygen concentrators (POC) for oxygen therapy. These oxygen concentrators utilize rapid cycling to significantly reduce the device weight to less than 4.5 kilograms and provide up to 6 liters per minute of oxygen. Originally POC’s were designed for use in 27PDF Image | LIMITS OF SMALL SCALE PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION
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