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improve recovery while maintaining a high purity. The product gas used for partial pressurization reduces the purge gas requirement and is mostly recovered during the feed step. Another important improvement is the addition of a pressure equalization step, first suggested in a patent filed in 1964 by Marsh.15 The concept is intended to conserve what is normally waste gas during the blowdown step, and use it to partially pressurize another column before the feed step. Instead of an immediate blowdown step after the end of the feed step, two columns are connected and pressure equalizes between the two columns. This saves energy because the column that is partially pressurized now needs less feed gas achieve the desired adsorption pressure. If raffinate is the desired product, then the product side of the columns are connected so any leftover raffinate product from the depressurizing column travels to the pressurizing column. This conserves separative work during the following feed step, which increases recovery.11 For large capacity operations, using pressure equalization with more than two columns further improves the recovery and allows for a more continuous product stream flow without requiring an extra storage tank.8, 11 Another possible improvement to the Skarstrom cycle is blowing down the column to vacuum instead of atmospheric pressure. If the high pressure step is atmospheric, the process is called vacuum swing adsorption (VSA). When adsorption pressure is above atmospheric, then it is considered a hybrid PVSA process. Under vacuum, less purge flow is required to regenerate the adsorbent. The extra energy requirement to attain vacuum is offset to some extent by a lower adsorption pressure requirement in the column, which makes VSA and PVSA economical in some 26PDF Image | LIMITS OF SMALL SCALE PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION
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