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Chapter 1. Introduction network of bed-interconnecting switch valves, whose active status keeps changing over the period of time. Consequently, the timing of these valves in turn controls the duration of process steps that each PSA bed undergoes in one cycle. The dynamic operation also has a profound effect on the gas-solid hydrody- namics inside the packed bed. The strong interplay between the equilibrium and kinetic mechanisms is significantly effected by the changing bed pressure levels and transient boundary conditions. From the modeling point of view, variables vary both in spatial and time coordinates leading to a partial differential algebraic equation (PDAE) system. A further manifestation of the periodically operating steps is that the PSA system never attains a true steady state. This is in sharp contrast to other kind of dynamic processes, where steady state is reached after the system runs for certain amount of time. In comparison, PSA exhibits the characteristic of cyclic steady state (CSS), which refers to a state in time when the system variables are same at the start and end of a cycle. The computation of CSS, which often requires the simulation of hundreds of cycles incorporating a rigorous nonlinear PSA model, poses an extra challenge towards the design, optimization and control of PSA. A key aspect of the usage of model based methods for the optimal design and control of process systems is the associated trade-off between the design method and model complexity vs. the relative ease of obtaining solution. In this regard, the application of rigorous optimization based approaches to inherently dynamic and highly nonlinear systems like PSA still remains a challenging task, and is the main focus of this thesis. In this work, advanced and rigorous system engineering tools are employed for obtaining better operation and control of PSA systems, while simultaneously providing useful insights about the PSA systems. It is important to note that the real time performance of PSA is usually eval- uated in terms of product recovery achieved, while maintaining the system to 24PDF Image | Operation and Control of Pressure Swing Adsorption Systems
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