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Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 8341 2 of 17 has been proven to be a promising option to integrate the power obtained from renewable resources into the grid system by many researchers [7,8]. The main demerit of this conventional CAES system is the compressed heat loss, which causes the low efficiency of the system (e.g., the efficiencies of the Huntorf plant is 42%). The advanced adiabatic CAES (AA-CAES) was therefore proposed with high operation efficiency by configuring with thermal energy storage to recover and reutilize the heat of compression [9–12]. Moreover, in the CAES system, storing a huge amount of pressurized air must use large-scale caverns like salt mines, hard rocks, and porous rocks [13]. The liquid air energy storage [14,15] is therefore put forward as the solution with the advantages of increasing energy storage density dramatically when storing liquid air. However, the extremely low-temperature requirement for air liquefaction decreases the economic feasibility of liquid and supercritical CAES and its security and reliability. To use the energy of CAES in step, the combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) technology has been developed, which has higher thermal efficiency and lowers operating cost per energy output. A CAES-based CCHP system was proposed and examined thermodynamically in a 300 MW wind farm [16]. The energy efficiency values of this system were 30.6%, 32.3%, and 92.4% for electrical power, cooling, and heating productions, respectively. Mohammadi et al. [17] demonstrated that the CCHP performance was highly dependent upon the gas turbine parameters when coupled with gas turbine and CAES. Han and Guo [18] evaluated the thermodynamic performance of a CAES-based CCHP under four different operation strategies of charging-discharging by means of both energy and exergy analyses. Research demonstrated that the sliding-sliding scenario retained the largest cycle, thermal and exergy efficiencies compared to the constant-constant, sliding-constant and constant-sliding operation strategies. A hybrid CCHP was developed by Yan et al. [19] by integrating the wind turbine, biogas, and photovoltaic cells resources, in which the CAES compression heat was provided for heating users and the cooling load was satisfied through taking advantage of absorption chiller combining with the cryogenic air from CAES. Unlike air, CO2 is more susceptible to liquefaction by using current measures [20]. The working fluid CO2 has high density and favorable heat transfer properties, making the thermal systems extremely compact [21]. Moreover, researches have highlighted the larger cycle efficiency of the Brayton cycles with non-ideal working fluids than that with ideal gases [22]. Moreover, plenty of CO2 has to be sequestrated geologically in deep formations in order to lower the emissions of greenhouse gas [23]. Considering the above aspects, the cycle efficiency of a gas energy storage system is able to be largely enhanced by applying CO2 as a working medium. Moreover, the size of storage tank can be very small, and the greenhouse effect can be well reduced. Wang et al. [24] described a CO2-based energy storage technology and the performance analysis intensified its advantage of much higher energy density compared with CAES system. Zhang et al. [25] described a CO2 energy storage system with transcritical compression and expansion processes in combination with packed bed regenerator. Results showed that the minimum pressures had a more significant influence on system performance than the maximum pressures. Liu et al. [26] proposed an energy storage system by employing two saline aquifers with unequal depths, the round-trip efficiencies of which were 62.28% and 63.35% at transcritical and supercritical conditions, separately. Conventional exergy analysis is a powerful tool to present the exergy destruction distribution [27,28]. However, on one hand, the conventional exergy analysis cannot determine the tangible promotion potential of a system component since it considers none of the technical and economic limitations; on the other hand, it cannot evaluate the reciprocal interdependencies among components. Therefore, the advanced exergy analysis was developed recently as the solution to the above issues by separating the exergy destruction of a component into different parts [29–31]. This advanced method has been utilized in many energy systems, such as refrigeration cycles [32,33], supercritical power plant [34], underwater CAES [35], supercritical CCES [36], and trigeneration systems [37]. In accordance with the open documents, it can be concluded that the advanced exergy analysis offers much more meaningful details that cannot be acquired through resorting toPDF Image | Advanced Performance of a CO2 Energy Storage Based Trigen
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