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and not with the absolute value. The changes in internal energy can be deduced from knowledge of certain extensive properties of the system, such as the entropy of the system, when it is prepared from its initial state to a new state by means thermodynamic processes or thermodynamic opera- tions. For a closed system, such as for the Rankine power cycle, changes in the internal energy of the system are solely due to heat and work performed since there is no transfer of mass through the system boundary. It can be expressed as dU = ∂Q + ∂Wb + ∂Wisochoric (2.7) where ∂Wisochoric is the work which do not alter the volume of the system, such as frictional work. 2.1.3 Enthalpy Enthalpy, derived from the Greek word ’thalpos’ meaning ’heat’, or ’warmth’, was originally used to describe the heat content of a system; however the original interpretation is now obsolete and a bit misleading. It is a combination property consisting of the internal energy of the system and the product of the pressure and volume of the system [33]. H=U+PV (2.8) It is an extensive property, i.e. dependent on the mass of the system. The equivalent intensive specific enthalpy is often used, simply defined as [33] h = Hm (2.9) It is a very useful property for analyzing power cycles because for closed processes occuring under constant pressure, the heat absorbed or released equals the enthalpy change of the system. And for an isentropic expansion process, the change in enthalpy equals the work performed by the system on its boundary. 2.1.4 Entropy Entropy, after the greek word for ’transformation’, can be interpreted as a measure of a systems un- certainty, or unorderedness, which remains after observable macroscopic properties such as volume, pressure and temperature have been accounted for. It has to do with the number of possible mi- croscopic configurations that the system can assume. In the 1850s and 1860s, before any statistical mechanical interpretation of the topic existed, Rudolf 15PDF Image | Analysis of Organic Rankine Cycles for a Boiler Station
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