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Clausius described entropy as the dissipative (unproductive) energy use of a system during a change state [35]. E.g., when usable heat is used to produced work in thermodynamic power cycle, a ’trans- formational’ energy content is ’lost’ as generated frictional heat. In a classical thermodynamics view the microscopic details of the system are not considered, and the entropy of a system is defined from its empirical relations to certain thermodynamic variables such as temperature, pressure and heat capacity. It only depends on the current state of the sys- tem, independent of how that state came to be. Thus, if state variables such as the pressure and temperature of the system are known, the entropy of the system may be determined. Formally, it is defined as [33] dS = ∂Qrev (2.10) T where Qrev represents the heat gain, or loss, for a internally reversible (ideal) process and T the temperature of the system boundary. So, for any process, reversible or not, if the energy of the system is reduces by ∂E and the entropy of the system is reduced by dS, the system must release thermal energy not less than T dS to the environment. The greater the irreversibilites in the process, the more heat energy released for the same entropy loss. Later, during the 1870s, Boltzmann, Gibbs and Maxwell later gave entropy its statistical basis. In statistical mechanics, it is seen a measure of the number of ways in which a system can be arranged and is thus proportional to the number of individual atoms and molecules of the system. It is a measure of the number of states with significant probability of occupation S=−K p ·log(p) (2.11) bii i where Kb is the Boltzmann constant and pi is the probability that the i:th state is occupied [34]. 2.1.5 Thermodynamics Laws Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics The zeroth law, although evident, is included for sake of completion. It simply states that if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other [33]. First Law of Thermodynamics The first law of thermodynamics, also known as the conservation of energy principle, states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed during a process; it can only be transformed [33]. For an isolated system, i.e. a system enclosed with walls through which neither mass nor energy can 16PDF Image | Analysis of Organic Rankine Cycles for a Boiler Station
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