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pass, the total energy of the system is therefore constant due to the fact that energy is always conserved over time. Furthermore, for closed systems, the first law implies that the change in internal energy of the system is equal to the difference of the heat supplied to the system and the work performed by the system energy can neither be created nor destroyed during a process; it can only be transformed [33]. ∆U =Q−W (2.12) Second Law of Thermodynamics The second law of thermodynamics can be formulated in many different, yet equivalent, ways. The important implication of the statements is that the entropy of a closed system may never decrease with time [33]. The entropy of a closed system and its surrounding may remain constant in cases where equilibrium exists, or if a fictive ”reversible” (non-entropy generating) process is taking place [33]. However, for all real world processes the total entropy of the system and the surroundings increase, and are thus irreversible. The entropy generation accounts of the irreversibility of the process - and therefore the term ”irreversibility” has become synonymous with ”entropy generating” or ”inefficiency” when relating to thermodynamic processes. For a idealized reversible process in a closed system the incremental entropy generation exactly equals, per definition, the incremental change in heat energy of the system divided by the boundary temperature of the system [33]. dS = ∂Q (2.13) T However for an irreversible process in a closed system the entropy generation will always be larger than the ’ideal’, or reversible, entropy generation [33]. dS > ∂Q (2.14) T Third Law of Thermodynamics The third law, although less relevant for engineering thermodynamics relating to power cycles, is included for sake of completion. It provides an absolute reference point for the determination of the entropy of a system, which is extremely important for analyzing chemical reactions [33]. The third law states that the entropy of a system approaches a minimum, constant, value as the temperature of the system approaches zero, independent on other variables such as the pressure or applied magnetic field upon the system. The minimum value is the lowest-energy state possible and known as the zero-point energy of the system. For a perfect crystal there exists only one possible lattice configuration at absolute zero, and thus the ground state is 0 K [33]. However for every other system the zero-point energy will always be greater than 0 K. 17PDF Image | Analysis of Organic Rankine Cycles for a Boiler Station
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