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2.2.3 Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Combined heat and power(CHP), or cogeneration, plants simultaneously generate both electricity and useful heat. Instead of rejecting the excess heat from the power cycle into the environment, it is utilized as e.g. process heat or supplied to a district heating network. This results in a greatly increased energy utilization factor, or energy efficiency, of the process as a whole [33]. The energy utilization factor is found as [33] εu = W ̇ net + Q ̇ u (2.30) Q ̇ in Qu = Useful heat generated (2.31) 2.3 Organic Rankine Cycle Systems Organic Rankine Cycle rely on the same principle as conventional steam Rankine cycles but use organic fluids instead of water, making them more suitable for utilization of low-temperature heat sources [4]. 2.3.1 Working Fluids The choice of working fluid is the most important design choice of an ORC system since it affects the thermodynamic cycle, the performance and cost of components, the plant layout and the safety requirements [4]. Furthermore it is the single criteria which separate ordinary steam/water power cycles from their organic counterparts – in this case it is the fluid that makes the machine. Substituting water, a simple molecule consisting of 3 atoms, with a more molecularly complex fluid have substantial effects. The heat capacity of the fluid is increased due to a greater phonon contri- bution to the heat capacity. The phenomena is explained by the phonon theory of thermodynamics wherein the heat capacity of the fluid is largely described as arising from atomic vibrations, named phonons [39]. Increasing the specific heat capacity of the fluid will have three major effects on the power cycle [4]: (1) Alter the slope of the saturated vapor curve as commonly depicted in the Temperature-Entropy diagram, (2) Increase the importance of the liquid preheating phase with respect to the evaporation phase and (3) Increase the importance of the desuperheating phase of the heat-rejection process. The influence of the fluids molecular complexity, on the power cycle is illustrated for three fluids of varying molecular complexity: Water [H2O], Benzene [C6H6] and MDM [C8H24O2Si3] [4]. 26PDF Image | Analysis of Organic Rankine Cycles for a Boiler Station
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