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4.3.1 Comparison of working fluids Several candidate working fluids, more than 30 in total, are studied using the parameters listed in table 4.2. The most promising fluids, in terms of yielding high thermal efficiencies, are presented in table 4.3. Note that the condenser inlet and outlet temperatures listed in table 4.3 are only used for the comparison of the fluids. When modeling the ORC integrated into the boiler station, the condenser inlet and outlet temperature will vary. Table 4.2 ORC parameters Parameter Value Evaporator HTF inlet temperature 170° Evaporator HTF outlet temperature 145°C Evaporator TTD 10°C Evaporation temperature 135°C Condenser HTF inlet temperature 50°C Condenser HTF outlet temperature 70°C Condenser TTD 10°C Condensing temperature 80°C Expander isentropic efficiency 80% Pump isentropic efficiency 80% Working condition, ψ 100% Superheating none Preheating none The Carnot efficiency is calculated from the heat soucre and heat sink (cold source) temperatures, since all of the heat exchange for a Carnot cycle takes place at those temperatures. The fraction of carnot efficiency (FoC) is then found as FoC = ηth (4.4) ηC ηC = 1 − Condensation inlet HTF Temperature [K] = 27.1% (4.5) Evaporator inlet HTF temperature [K] However, the FoC may be seen as a bit misleading due to the fact that the temperature different available to the ORC system, after taking into account the temperature drops in the HXs and the TTDs, is only 135 − 80 = 55°C and not 170 − 50 = 120°C. Nonetheless, the result shows that thermal efficiencies in the range of about 8 to 9.3% are found. This yields FoCs in the range of 29.7 to 34.4%. The cycle utilizing Sulfur dioxide exhibits the highest BWR, 13.8%, while the cycle utilizing Ethylene oxide exhibits the lowest BWR, 5.97%. This further confirms the work done in [38] which found BWRs up to about 16%, and the notion that the pump work when modeling ORCs ought not to be neglected. 59PDF Image | Analysis of Organic Rankine Cycles for a Boiler Station
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