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insight into which collisional reactions will dominate in a given plasma. ⟨σv⟩ = 3.1.2.1 Electron and Ion Production Perhaps viewed the most essential collisional process, plasma ionization techniques will be described first given that it is the primary mechanism for electron production, and thus plasma production. The three main methods for ionization most relevant for the plasma systems discussed in this dissertation are direct ionization by electron impact, stepwise ionization by electron impact, and ionization by collision with heavy particles. Direct ionization by electron impact indicates the collision of an electron with a neutral or unexcited atom or molecule that results in ionization. This process is usually found in non-thermal discharges where the electrons have a high enough energy to ionize a neutral ground state species in a single collision [37]. The transferred electron energy, ∆ε, must be sufficiently high to overcome the ionization potential of the valence electron of the participating species. When the participating species is a molecule, the ionization process may or may not result in dissociation. When non-dissociative molecular ionization occurs, as shown in Equation 3.4 for a diatomic molecule AB, the electron energy does not greatly exceed the ionization potential [37]. e + AB → AB+ + e + e (3.4) According to the Frank-Condon principle, the atoms inside a molecule can be taken as frozen during electron impact excitation processes. This is due to the fact that the even the fastest internal motions of an atom inside a molecule (vibrational motion) is still slower than the interaction time between electrons and molecules inside f(v)vσ(v)dv (3.3) 33PDF Image | CO2 Conversion in a Microwave Plasma Catalyst System
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