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Carbon dioxide not suitable for extinguishment of smouldering fires 4 1 Introduction 1.1 Smouldering fires in wood pellet silos This paper in concerned with unintended ignition of pyrolysis gasses produced by a smouldering fire in a wood pellet storage confinement. Although a smouldering fire may start for several reasons, two causal pathways appear to be common: • Freshly produced wood pellets may self-heat because energy is liberated from chemical oxidation, moisture absorption or biological processes. Heat loss is largely a surface-based phenomenon and because of the low surface-to-volume ratio of a large pile, any process that generates heat will slowly increase the temperature inside the pile. Pockets may form where the temperature of the contents can rise to the temperature necessary to produce spontaneous ignition. This produces an oxygen deficient smouldering fire deep inside the pile. • Wood pellets are friable and generate dust and fines when handled in the logistics chain. This dust ignites easily, e.g. from overheated electric motors or conveyor bearings, or from mechanical friction heat between conveyer belts and accumulated pellets, fines and/or dust. Small pieces of smouldering material are difficult to detect and embers may migrate in the band conveyor systems and start smouldering fires in the storage silos. A small smouldering fire deep inside a storage silo is difficult to detect and may develop into massive storage fires and cause considerable damage to process equipment and property [1]. 1.2 Pyrolysis gasses Before developing into an open surface fire, an oxygen deficient smouldering fire generates flammable pyrolysis gasses rich in e.g. toxic and flammable carbon monoxide that can travel and accumulate. Pyrolysis gases may create an ignitable atmosphere in the headspace of the silo. An internal explosion may result when the combustion zone eventually reaches the surface layer or if a source of ignition is present in the headspace. This paper is specifically concerned with potential sources of ignition introduced by firefighters. Pellet silo fire explosion-17 submit pre-print (Orbit).docx .PDF Image | CO2 not suitable for extinguishment of smouldering silo fires
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