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Carbon dioxide not suitable for extinguishment of smouldering fires 5 1.3 Water unsuitable for smouldering fires Surface fires in wood pellets can be fought with water, which should be applied gently not to kick up dust and create conditions for a dust explosion. Applying water to a smouldering fire located deep inside a pile however, presents major practical challenges however. In addition, the usage of water has serious drawbacks. Most pellets are hygroscopic and expand when absorbing moisture. When fully saturated with water, compressed pellets may expand about 3.5 times. The wet pellets are sticky and expansion forces may lead to agglomeration and compaction creating a very hard and compact plug. This creates difficulties during clean-up when the hard material must somehow be broken up for removal, at times requiring a jack hammer. Worse, the expansion may force agglomerations of pellet material to adhere to the walls of the silo, creating hangings or arch formation inside the silo. The sheer force of the expansion may even break the silo walls [1]. Hangings may expose the silo walls to uneven loads for which they are not designed. There are examples of silos that have tipped over due to excessive application of water during firefighting [2]. 1.4 Alternative firefighting strategies The challenging nature of fighting fires in wood pellet silo and the drawbacks of using water have led research programmes to explore alternative firefighting strategies, particularly the injection of inert gasses. Inert gasses have the advantages of depleting the oxygen available for combustion, of quenching the pyrolysis and of lowering the risk of ignition of pyrolysis gasses in the headspace. The most commonly available inert gasses in large quantities are nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Pellet silo fire explosion-17 submit pre-print (Orbit).docx .PDF Image | CO2 not suitable for extinguishment of smouldering silo fires
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