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Carbon dioxide not suitable for extinguishment of smouldering fires 15 lack of clarity in the meaning of the terms "fire" and "extinguishment", which are not defined in the standard's terminology section. The application of CO2 is excellent for extinguishing a fire with flames, but unsuitable for quenching a deep seated smouldering fire without flame. Annex A of the NFPA 850 [21] covers spontaneous heating, hotspot formation and fire in coal silos Firefighting in coal silos is a long and difficult activity , the standard says, but carbon dioxide and nitrogen have been used successfully as gaseous inerting systems. The standard specifically states that carbon dioxide vapour has proven to be effective in quickly establishing an inert atmosphere in the space above the coal, which prevents the creation of an explosive atmosphere there. Carbon dioxide has the advantage over nitrogen of being denser than air, the standard says. Because nitrogen has a density similar to air it must be applied at numerous injection points around the silo to ensure that it displaces available oxygen. Compared to carbon dioxide, the standard says, nitrogen requires more injection equipment and a larger quantity of agent. It is true that injection of carbon dioxide can prevent the creation of an explosive atmosphere in the silo headspace. This article argues however, that the procedure is unsafe because plant personnel or firefighters usually have limited means to determine if pyrolysis gasses present in the headspace are already in the ignitable range when the injection begins. The standard is silent on the electrostatic hazards of carbon dioxide. 5.4 Special report on US agricultural silos Fires and explosions in agricultural silos have been responsible for the deaths and injuries of firefighters and civilians and have led to large loss of property. In response to a number of agricultural silo emergencies, the United States Fire Administration issued a Special Report in 1998 [22] in order to communicate significant lessons learned. Spontaneous ignition and smouldering fires in agricultural silos present challenges to firefighters. The report states that extinguishment may be accomplished by injecting nitrogen or carbon dioxide into the silo using special fittings and piping. The report is silent on the electrostatic hazards of carbon dioxide. 5.5 Swedish contributions Sweden is the only country in Scandinavia with a significant domestic pellet production. The domestic pellet market is mature and pellet consumers are diverse, from single-family households, industry, district-heating systems and large Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants. For many years, Sweden was the largest consumer of wood pellets in the EU and was only in 2012 surpassed by Italy and Denmark [23]. Ambitious and foresighted research programmes have been undertaken by the Swedish National Testing and Research Institute (in Swedish: Sveriges Pellet silo fire explosion-17 submit pre-print (Orbit).docx .PDF Image | CO2 not suitable for extinguishment of smouldering silo fires
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