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Carbon dioxide not suitable for extinguishment of smouldering fires 16 Prövnings- och Forskningsinstitut, abbreviated to SP) to address, inter alia, the challenges with wood pellet silo fires. In 2006, the SP reported the results of an experimental study on fire extinguishment in wood pellet silos [24]. The study concluded that extinguishment should be carried out with injection of nitrogen or carbon dioxide, primarily into the bottom of the silo, although injection into the headspace at an early stage could be considered in order to eliminate explosion risks, i.e. inerting. According to the report, the use of carbon dioxide merely presents practical problems because injection lances freeze up – the report is silent on the risk of electrostatic discharges. The inert gas technique was applied e.g. in 2007, when a pellet silo in Kristinehamn, Sweden, experienced a smouldering fire due to self-ignition [25]. Tanker trucks with nitrogen and carbon dioxide were called to the site. Preparations for injection of nitrogen into the bottom of the silo were repeatedly delayed due to multiple complications when drilling openings in the concreate silo and with the improvised making of custom injection lances. Not to waste time, carbon dioxide was therefore introduced into the silo headspace through a fire hose. The hose froze up and plugged repeatedly. A total of 35 t of carbon dioxide were injected without incident. Evidently, the emergency responders and technical advisors from SP were oblivious to the risk of electrostatic discharges. In 2011, the novel inert gas approach was communicated widely in Biomass Magazine [26] and Canadian Biomass [27], without mention of the electrostatic hazard. The Swedish experiences have also found way into popular pellet handbooks, e.g. [1] published in 2012, which merely states that attempts to use carbon dioxide without a vaporisation unit have caused many unsuccessful extinguishing operations as the supply hoses/lances /nozzles and the bulk material close to the injection point tend to freeze quickly, blocking further gas injection. An almost verbatim description is provided in an otherwise comprehensive publication on health and safety aspects of solid biomass published in 2013 by the International Energy Agency [28]. The publications are also silent on the risk of electrostatic discharges. In 2013, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency issued a report on silo fires, written in English and clearly intended for an international audience [2]. This report, at last, does advice against the use of CO2 due to risks of static electricity during gas injection. But the report is a sole voice of caution in an abundance of standards, guidelines and literature that appear to be oblivious of the hazard. Pellet silo fire explosion-17 submit pre-print (Orbit).docx .PDF Image | CO2 not suitable for extinguishment of smouldering silo fires
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