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2.2 Electrical Propulsion System Components 11 SSPC yields specific power of around 28 kW/kg [41]. Projecting the evolution of the technology towards 2030, a specific power level of 44 kW/kg can be assumed with an efficiency of 99.5% [42]. • Converters, rectifiers and inverters which are used to convert the current between direct current and alternate current. State-of-the-art converter or inverter exhibit specific powers of 11 kW/kg and an efficiency of 97% [43]. By extrapolating the conventional technology evolution pace, a projected specific power value of 20 kW/kg in year 2030 was predicted by Vratny [42]. A model of a cryogenic inverter including cryocooler quoted by Brown [6] yields a specific power value of 25 kW/kg and an efficiency value of 99.5%. • Controllers monitor functions to identify overload of electric device like the electric motor or the battery (also called the battery controller unit). Identical value in terms of specific weight and efficiency as cited for the converter or inverter can be assumed for the state-of-the-art [43] and for the projected value [38, 42]. The layout of the PMAD architecture is a complex task as it requires considering any ab- normal modes to ensure provision of the electric energy to the vital, essential and non- essential systems. Moreover, the operations of the PMAD require the establishment of control strategies for power allocations schedule and distribution protocols. The final architecture se- lection results from an optimization process whose objectives are the minimization of system weight, volume and bill of material while maximizing the system efficiency for a given or a bandwidth of power requirements under the constraint of abnormal modes, system complexity and maintenance. 2.2.3 Electric Energy and Power Device Besides utilizing a generator driven by a conventional combustion engine to convert mechan- ical energy into electrical energy, the two main devices considered for hybrid-electric propul- sion system for transport aircraft are batteries and fuel-cells. The characteristics of these devices and their potential development are detailed in the following sections. 2.2.3.1 Battery Batteries are expected to play a decisive role in advanced electric propulsion systems to provide electric energy at a high efficiency. The evolution of specific energy and specific power will determine the feasibility of a battery based electric propulsion system for com- mercial air transportation. The specific energy and specific power of batteries are not inde- pendent characteristics and will be determined during the battery design [44]. As a result, the combined enhancement of the specific energy and the specific power turns out to be a greater technological challenge than the single criterion optimization. Additional aspects such as specific energy density, efficiency, deterioration behaviour over time, life-cycle, operating temperature, discharge behaviour, safety, reliability and environmental sustainability needPDF Image | Conceptual Design Methods Hybrid-Electric Transport Aircraft
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