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14 2 Hybrid-Electric Technology State-of-the-Art and Beyond temperatures requires consequently a cooling system which typically features either cryo- genic stored liquid hydrogen or nitrogen used as coolant [59] or a cryocooler [6, 38]. The operation at cryogenic temperature leads to many challenges related to the application of superconducting technology to transport aircraft. Besides handling safety related issues [63], the negative integration impacts of the cryogenic tank on aircraft design [64] and the infra- structural modifications required to supply the liquid hydrogen to the operated airports are issues that remain challenging [65, 66]. Implementing superconducting technology at aircraft level will result from a trade between performance, efficiency and system weight as well as complexity, reliability and maintenance. 2.3.2 Distributed Propulsion and Boundary Layer Ingestion Technology The nature of the electric energy which can be easily distributed among different consumers makes distributed propulsion and boundary layer ingestion (BLI) [67, 68] key technologies for hybrid-electric aircraft. The level of aero-structural benefits through tightly coupled integration of the propulsive device with the airframe gained by distributed propulsion [69– 76] and by BLI technology [23, 37, 77–81] will be decisive to leverage the drawbacks associated with electric propulsion systems. 2.4 Hybrid-Electric Technology Application to Aircraft Propul- sion The development of hybrid-electric aircraft has already started in the domain of the gen- eral aviation and it concerns mostly one to two-seater aircraft in the experimental category. A growing interest of leading industrial players towards hybrid-electric propulsion techno- logy is evident with initiatives supported notably by Airbus and Siemens [82]. Application of hybrid-electric propulsion to general aviation enable to gain experimental data on key electrical component characteristics and system behaviour, to mature the technology and to learn about scaling potentiality. Hybrid-electric propulsion technology will evolve with respect to the maturation and the development of electric technology towards application for commuter, regional and narrow-body transport aircraft [69]. The pace at which the in- tegration of hybrid-electric technology will occur, depends on the rhythm of technological improvement and breakthrough as well as the scaling pattern of the electrical components. The evolution of the electrical component technology will determine the feasibility of hybrid- electric propulsion system to transport aircraft application. The introduction of hybrid-electric technology has dramatically opened the design space in aircraft design due notably to the expansion of combinatorial possibilities at system and at aircraft level which is expected to change the contemporary aircraft design paradigm [69]. Hybrid-electric technology is still in its pioneering age. On the one hand, knowledge about electric components technology for propulsion application and scaling laws need to be further gained. On the other hand the methodological approaches, modelling capabilities, program analysis and tools to scrutinize the design space, to perform the trade studies and to definePDF Image | Conceptual Design Methods Hybrid-Electric Transport Aircraft
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