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4.3 The Cost-Specific Air Range 57 energy consumed during a mission. When an aircraft utilizes more than one energy source, as for instance hybrid-electric aircraft, optimizing the flight profile according to SAR results in an optimum in terms of fuel consumption, minimizing the CO2 emissions. Optimizing with respect to ESAR results in a flight profile where the total energy (the combination of fuel and electric energy) consumed is minimized for a given stage length. However, these optima may not represent minimum energy cost due to the different prices of the energy market prices. The cost specific air range (COSAR) metric is established in Section 4.3 as a new figure-of-merit to optimize the flight profile of hybrid-energy aircraft for minimum energy cost. Moreover as airlines base their fleet operations on CI for operational economics optimization, CI formulations are derived in Section 4.4 to enable optimized flight profile based on economics objective for hybrid-electric aircraft. 4.3 The Cost-Specific Air Range For a single energy source aircraft, the optimization according to both SAR and ESAR leads to minimum energy cost. However, when multiple energy sources with different market prices are used simultaneously, this relation is not valid anymore. From this consideration, a figure- of-merit related to the price of the energy sources involved in a hybrid-energy aircraft is more appropriate for flight technique optimization. A new figure-of-merit, COSAR, is proposed. Incorporating the specific cost of each energy source, c, COSAR is established as: π Β·πΒ·πΏ/π· COSAR = (βοΈππππΆπ Β·ππ)Β·π (4.4) π According to the definition COSAR determines the distance which can be travelled by an aircraft per amount of energy cost. For hybrid-energy aircraft, ππππΆ can be expressed according to Equation 4.5. βοΈππ ππππΆ= π =βοΈππππΆπ The power ππ represents the power extracted at the energy source. ππ, is summed up for each energy supply considered, which is equivalent to the summation of each respective ππππΆ. COSAR can be applied to any given combination of energy sources under the requirement that the specific price of the energy is known. For the particular case of a hybrid-electric aircraft using, for instance, fuel and battery as energy sources, the ππππΆ can be written as in Equation 4.6. ππππΆ=πππ’ππππ¦,πΉπ’ππ+πππ’ππππ¦,πΈπππ =ππππΆππ’ππππ¦,πΉπ’ππ+ππππΆππ’ππππ¦,πΈπππ (4.6) ππππ‘ππ ππππ‘ππ π (4.5)PDF Image | Conceptual Design Methods Hybrid-Electric Transport Aircraft
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