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5.5 Partial Parallel Hybrid Clean-Sheet Design 95 10 5 1500 0 −5 −10 −15 −20 −25 −45 −40 −35 −30 −25 −20 −15 −10 −5 0 Relative change in block ESAR [%] 1300 Design Range [nm] Study settings: e = 1.0kWh/kg battery 1100 Cargo volume/PAX = 0.14m3 50 900 40 45 30 35 10 15 20 25 Figure 5.21: Relative change in block fuel versus relative change in block ESAR. Geared- turbofan cruise throttling [31]. 5.5.2.6 Aircraft Characteristics and Benchmark In order to gain detailed insights in the design implications of hybrid-electric propulsion integration, the hybrid-electric quad-fan concept is benchmarked against the advanced con- ventional reference aircraft. The analysis of this benchmark was published by Pornet and Isikveren [31]. The design range to provide the benchmark was selected at 1300 nm. This selection is justified by projected market analysis for YEIS 2035, which indicates that this design range will cover 90% of the projected cumulative stage lengths for the narrow-body class of aircraft [128, 129]. Recalling for instance Figure 5.15, since the housing of batteries is volumetrically constrained at an 𝐻𝑃 𝑢𝑠𝑒 above 33% a design point with an 𝐻𝑃 𝑢𝑠𝑒 of 30% was selected for the sizing of the hybrid-electric aircraft. The selected design point is represented in the previous design charts. With respect to the previously quoted design range and 𝐻𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑒, the level of 𝐻𝐸𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 achieved is 21% as indicated in Figure 5.15. In view of highlighting the influence of 𝐻𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑒 on aircraft size, the changes in aircraft geometry according to an 𝐻𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑒 of 10%, 30% and 50% are overlayed in Figure 5.22. Relative change in block fuel [%] Hp [−] USEPDF Image | Conceptual Design Methods Hybrid-Electric Transport Aircraft
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