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Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has established certification standards for noise and NOx in the 2020s [3] and a voluntary carbon offset scheme aiming to hold overall sector carbon emissions at 2020 levels [4]. NASA-funded study results (discussed in Section 3) indicate that electrification can improve performance on carbon, noise, and NOx, enabling the civil aviation fleet to meet N+3 goals [2]. The economic case for electrification can be divided into two parts: first, reduced operating costs compared to conventional aircraft on existing missions; and second, completely new capabilities that may open new and lucrative markets. Reduced op- erating costs can be achieved through replacement of jet fuel with electricity, through a reduction in total energy consumption, or through reduced maintenance costs. Fig- ure 1 shows that jet fuel has generally been more expensive than electricity over the last 10 years, although in the more recent past the gap has been less pronounced. Electricity Jet A-1 0.030 0.025 0.020 0.015 0.010 0.005 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 Figure 1: Normalized energy cost of Northwest U.S. wholesale electricity versus U.S. Jet A-1 (based on data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration [5, 6]). Electrification may also enable concepts of operations that are not currently served with conventional aircraft propulsion architectures. Electric vertical takeoff and landing (e-VTOL) concepts have been launched by numerous start-up and mature firms world- wide, including VoloCopter, Ehang, Zee Aero, Joby Aviation, and Airbus. Technology and transportation firm Uber released the “Elevate” white paper in 2016, arguing that a sizable market exists for point-to-point urban air mobility, catalyzing activity in this new segment [7]. For noise and cost reasons, e-VTOL proponents argue that traditional helicopters are not a suitable architecture for this application. This review focuses on fixed-wing aircraft and leaves the rapidly-evolving e-VTOL segment to other industry watchers. There are several published survey articles providing partial coverage of the fixed- wing aircraft EP field. Thomson et al. [7] provide a particularly broad and readable, 3 Wholesale Energy Price ($/MJ)PDF Image | Electric, hybrid, and turboelectric fixed-wing aircraft
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