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molecular weight such as n-pentane and n-hexane. Cyclopentane also has relatively high stability at temperatures between 250 and 300°C. If, for any reason, cyclopentane cannot be used, acetone or thiophene would be adequate replacements with marginally lower performance. Use of the ketone acetone would result in a performance drop of nearly 10%, but otherwise shares many of the virtues of cyclopentane, in addition to a substantially higher auto ignition temperature that may relieve the necessity for certain fire-prevention strategies in the design. By contrast, aromatic hydrocarbons performed exceptionally well as a group, although among them only thiophene and toluene had sufficiently low toxicity to be practical as cycle fluids, with toluene’s low volatility giving it suboptimal high-condensation temperature at 1 bar. Thiophene, like cyclopentane, exhibits high-temperature stability and a weak tendency to superheat during vapor expansion. Table 2. Ranking of leading fluid selections for use in the Direct Evaporator ORC system. Methyl Iodide Hal ogenous Hydrocarbon Acetaldehyde Al dehyde Thiophene Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cyclopentane Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Acetone Ket one 1 1 3 2 4 2 4 3 3 2 2 4 1 2 2 5 2 2 1 1 10 11 9 8 9 2.1.2 Thermal Stability The hydrocarbon working fluid is susceptible to decomposition at high temperatures. For increased efficiency, it is desired to operate the cycle with the working fluid at the highest permissible temperature. However, excessive chemical decomposition of the working fluid can decrease performance and lifetime of the fluid, which increases maintenance and operating costs. Therefore, laboratory experiments were performed to quantify the decomposition rate of the cyclopentane at various temperatures. The decomposition of research grade cyclopentane was measured in a recirculation loop (Figure 8) at temperatures of 240, 300, and 350°C and a pressure of 43 bars in a heated glass-lined tube. Complete details of the experiment are given by Ginosar et al.’s 2011 journal article. In the absence of air at the lower-two temperatures, decomposition was minor after 10 days of continuous operation. The total cyclopentane decomposition products were approximately 68 and 220 parts per million by weight (ppm) at 240 and 300°C at the end of 10 days. At 350°C, decomposition products were significantly higher and reached 1,500 ppm. Figures 9 through 11 show the total weight of the decomposition products as a function of time on stream. Tables 3 through 5 list the end of run decomposition products. 10 P P e e r r f f o o r r m m M M S SD D S S S St t a a b b i i l l i i t t y y M M S SD D S S T T O O T T A A L L - - a a n n c c e e F Fl l a a m m m m a a b b i i l l i i t t y y T T o o x x i i c c i i t t y yPDF Image | Final Report Modifications and Optimization of the Organic Rankine Cycle to Improve the Recovery of Waste Heat
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