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Nano Energy (]]]]) ], ]]]–]]] RAPID COMMUNICATION Available online at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/nanoenergy Flexible triboelectric generator! Feng-Ru Fana,b, Zhong-Qun Tianb, Zhong Lin Wanga,n aSchool of Material Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0245, USA bState Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China Received 6 January 2012; accepted 10 January 2012 KEYWORDS Triboelectric effect; Generator; Polymer; Energy harvesting Abstract Charges induced in triboelectric process are usually referred as a negative effect either in scientific research or technological applications, and they are wasted energy in many cases. Here, we demonstrate a simple, low cost and effective approach of using the charging process in friction to convert mechanical energy into electric power for driving small electronics. The triboelectric generator (TEG) is fabricated by stacking two polymer sheets made of materials having distinctly different triboelectric characteristics, with metal films deposited on the top and bottom of the assembled structure. Once subjected to mechanical deformation, a friction between the two films, owing to the nano-scale surface roughness, generates equal amount but opposite signs of charges at two sides. Thus, a triboelectric potential layer is formed at the interface region, which serves as a charge ‘‘pump’’ for driving the flow of electrons in the external load if there is a variation in the capacitance of the system. Such a flexible polymer TEG gives an output voltage of up to 3.3 V at a power density of 10.4mW/cm3. TEGs have the potential of harvesting energy from human activities, rotating tires, ocean waves, mechanical vibration and more, with great applications in self-powered systems for personal electronics, environmental monitoring, medical science and even large-scale power. & 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Introduction Energy harvesting and conversion devices using nanotechnology have received increasing interest recently because they are likely to play a vital role in building and driving self-powered nanodevices and nanosystems [1–7]. In 2006, our group nCorresponding author. Tel.: +1 404 894 8008; fax: +1 404 384 3852. E-mail addresses: zlwang@gatech.edu, zhong.wang@mse. gatech.edu (Z. Lin Wang). 2211-2855/$ - see front matter & 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.01.004 demonstrated the first piezoelectric nanogenerator for success- fully converting mechanical energy into electricity using ZnO nanowires [8]. Subsequently, various materials and designs of nanogenerators based on piezoelectric effect have been demonstrated [9–15]. The output power of a nanogenerator is high enough to drive a commercial light-emitting diode (LED), small liquid crystal display and even self-powered wireless data transmission system [7,16,17]. A power generation density of 1–10 mW/cm3 has been achieved. As a general principle, an approach that can generate electric charges, separate the charges with opposite signs Please cite this article as: F.-R. Fan, et al., Flexible triboelectric generator, Nano Energy (2012), doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.01.004PDF Image | Flexible triboelectric generator
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