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2 F.-R. Fan et al. and use the potential generated by them to drive a flow of free electrons is termed as an electric generator, which can be based on electromagnetic, piezoelectric, pyroelectric [18,19] and even electrostatic effects. The nanogenerator relies on the piezoelectric potential generated by the ZnO nanowire to achieve the listed purposes. Alternatively, triboelectric asso- ciated electrostatic phenomena are most common phenomena in our daily life, from walking to driving, but it has been ignored as an energy source for electricity. It will be wonderful if one can use the electric charges/potential generated by a tribological process to generate electricity. The electrostatic microgenerators have been developed and applied in research area of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) [20–22]. But the design is mainly based on inorganic materials and the fabrication of the device requires a complex process with sophisticated operation. In this paper, we report a simple, all- polymer based flexible generator for harvesting mechanical energy through a triobological process. By stacking two thin polymer films made of Kapton and polyester (PET), a charge generation, separation and induction process can be achieved through a mechanical deformation of the polymer film. A power output density of 10.4 mW/cm3 has been achieved at an output voltage of 3.3 V. This is a simple, low-cost, readily scalable fabrication process of generator that can convert random mechanical energy in our living environment into electricity using conventional flexible/foldable polymer materi- als. This technology has a great potential for scaling up to power mobile and personal electronics used in environmental monitor- ing, personal medical networks, electronic emergency equip- ment and other self-powered systems. Experimental Fabrication of the generator A typical structure of a polymer based triboelectric generator (TEG) is schematically shown in Fig. 1a. The TEG is like a sandwiched structure with two different polymer sheets stacked alternatively without interlayer binding. One rectangular (4.5 cm 1.2 cm) Kapton film (125 mm in thickness, Dupont 500 HN) was placed onto another flexible PET substrate (Dura- Lar, 220 mm in thickness). The two short edges of the device were sealed with ordinary adhesive tape and to ensure an adequate contact between two polymer sheets. Both the top and bottom surfaces of the structure were covered with a thin Figure 1 Schematic illustration of the structure and working principle of the triboelectric generator. (a) The structure of an integrated generator in bending and releasing process and related electrical measurement tests. Photographic images of a flexible TEG and mechanical bending equipment. (b) Proposed mechanism of a TEG (see text for details): charges are generated by frictioning two polymer films, which results in the creation of a triboelectric potential layer at the interfacial region (indicated by dashed lines); a mechanical compression results in a change in the distance between the two electrodes (from D to d), thus, under the driving of the triboelectric potential, a change in system capacitance leads to the flow of current in the external load which drives the flow of the free electrons across the electrodes to minimize the total energy of the system. Please cite this article as: F.-R. Fan, et al., Flexible triboelectric generator, Nano Energy (2012), doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.01.004PDF Image | Flexible triboelectric generator
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