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Flexible triboelectric generator 3 layer of Au alloy film (100 nm in thickness) by sputter coating. The metal films play two important roles here (1) producing equal but opposite sign mobile charges via the electrostatic induction of the tribology generated potential at the interfacial region; (2) served as common electrodes for directly connecting the device with an external circuit. The entire preparation process of the device is simple, which make it easy to be upgraded for large-scale production. Consequently, our design uses less materials and process steps that will result in cost savings. Results and discussions Power generation mechanism of TEG A TEG device and power generation mechanism is illustrated in Fig. 1a and b. As the external force is applied to the device during the deformation process, two insulating polymeric materials are touched and rubbed with each other. Although the surfaces of the two polymer films appear bright and smooth under light, they are in fact non-uniform with a different roughness of hundreds of nanometers (Fig. S1 in Supporting Information (SI)). Mechanical compression be- tween the two layers of polymers leads to a relative sliding. As a result of small degree of friction, electrostatic charges with opposite signs are generated and distributed on the two surfaces of the polymer films due to the presence of the nanometer scale roughness, with the PET film positively charged and Kapton film negatively charged, and forming an interface dipole layer, which is called a triboelectric potential layer. Such a dipole layer forms an inner potential layer between the planar metal electrodes. The induced charges will not be quickly conducted away or neutralized owing to the insulative nature of the polymer films. To minimize the energy created by the triboelectric potential, electrostatically induced free-charges will flow across the external load between the two electrodes. Simultaneously, mechanical compression between the two layers of polymers leads to a small reduction in the interplanar distance (from D to d). If C is the capacitance of the system and V is the voltage across the two electrodes, a current generated across an external load is I1⁄4C@V þV@C @t @t The first term is the variation in the potential across the top and bottom electrodes owing to the electrostatically induced charges. The second term is the change in the capacitance of the system as the distance between the top and bottom electrodes being changed when the unit was being mechanically deformed. This process contributes to the current only if there is a potential drop being maintained across the two electrodes, which is caused by the tribo- electric effect. A change in system capacitance is due to a variation in the inter-plane distance between the two electrodes as a result of mechanical compression. These are the contributions made to the observed first peak in the output voltage/current (see Fig. 2). A detailed description of the entire power generation process is presented in Fig. S2. Once the tribology force is removed and the structure is released, the two polymer films recover their original shapes, and the tribologically generated positive and negative charges may neutralize, and the electrostatic induced charges across the two electrodes recombine. Figure 2 Electric output of a typical triboelectric nanogenerator. (a) Open circuit voltage and (b) short circuit current when forward-connected to measurement system. (c) Open circuit voltage and (d) short circuit current when reverse-connected to measurement system. The insets are enlarged views of single signal peak in the voltage and current outputs. Note the forward and reverse connections are defined in reference to the measurement voltmeters for testing if the output signal is truly from the TEG. Please cite this article as: F.-R. Fan, et al., Flexible triboelectric generator, Nano Energy (2012), doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.01.004PDF Image | Flexible triboelectric generator
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