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Flexible triboelectric generator 5 The electricity output of the TEGs should satisfy linear superposition criterion in the basic circuit connections [11]. We did the current measurement when two or four TEGs were connected in parallel to examine the linear super- position of currents. The results show that when two TEGs were connected in the same direction, the total output current is enhanced and approximately equal to the sum of the individual output currents (Fig. 3a). In comparison, when two TEGs are connected in parallel but in reverse directions, the total output current is decreased (Fig. 3b). The same conclusion was also obtained when four TEGs were tested. The total output current can be enhanced (in the same direction) or reduced (in reverse direction) in various forms of connections, whether when forward-connected or reversely-connected to the measurement system (Fig. 3c and d). The above results not only rule out possible artifacts, but also indicate that we can greatly improve the output current and power per unit area by connecting multiple TEGs in parallel and assembling them layer by layer due to their thin flat-panel structures. The power generation performance of the TEG is affected by the bending frequency and strain as well as straining rate. Fig. 4a shows the output current signal of a TEG under various bending frequencies ranging from 0.33 to 5 Hz for a given strain (0.13%). The output of the TEG was not affected significantly by an increase in the low frequency range (0.33–1 Hz). When the frequency is higher than 1 Hz, the electrical outputs increase with the frequency. A possible cause of this phenomenon is that the positive and negative potentials on the polymer surfaces are not completely neutralized under the high-frequency mechan- ical agitation, leading to an accumulation of residual charges on the electrodes. For a given frequency (0.33 Hz), an increase in the strain generally increased the magnitude of the electrical output (Fig. 4b). It should be noted that the TEG is able to work in a range of low frequencies and low strain (Videos S2–4). This means that it can effectively harvest energy from slow and gentle mechanical movement, such as human walking, light wind blowing and water waving. Effect of the materials in the triboelectric series The performance of TEG is also affected by the nature of the materials used. In general, organic materials may be arranged in a table according to the amount of positive charge that can be transferred, which is known as the triboelectric series (Fig. S5) [24]. It is usually analogous to the electrochemical series of materials that describes the tendency of a material to gain or loss electrons. The series lists materials towards the bottom of the series in an order of decreasing tendency to charge positively (lose electrons), and increasing tendency to charge negatively (gain elec- trons). Further away two materials are separated apart from each other in the series, the greater the charge transferred, and vice versa. We selected three types of polymer materials for the study, Kapton, PET and PVC (polyvinyl chloride), which are at different positions in the tribo- electric series. Both Kapton and PVC (negative) are far away from the location of PET (positive) in the list. As shown in Fig. 4c and d, using the combination of Kapton-PET or PVC-PET, we can achieve high-output power generation. In contrast, Kapton and PVC are near to each other in the series that will only exchange a small amount of charges, resulting in low-output voltage and current. Our study indicates that to achieve a higher performance, we should select materials that are further away from each other in Figure 4 Performance characterization of the TEGs under different experimental conditions and made using different materials. Output current measurements of a TEG subject to increasing bending-release (a) frequencies and (b) strains. (c) Output voltage and (d) output current of TEGs based on different combinations of three materials, Kapton, PVC and PET. This set of experiments proves that the output of the TEGs is closely related to the difference in triboelectric property of the polymer materials. Please cite this article as: F.-R. Fan, et al., Flexible triboelectric generator, Nano Energy (2012), doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.01.004PDF Image | Flexible triboelectric generator
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