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6 F.-R. Fan et al. the series due to their different ability to attract electrons. In other words, the output efficiency can be controlled using different materials as the components of the device. Difference between TNG and PNG The triboelectric generator presented here is different from the piezoelectric nanogenerator (PNG) in design. An PNG is built based on a single layer of polymer substrate, on which structures of ZnO nanowires are fabricated. The entire structures are fully packaged as one piece without any internal friction between the components. Further, owing to the finite conductivity of ZnO nanowires, there is little triboelectric effect present. The TEG is made of a simply stacked polymer films of different triboelectric characteristics (Figs. S5 and S7), between which there is no binding and possibly a small gap with freedom of relative small sliding. A working TEG must have two electrodes on the top and bottom surfaces of the stack; the two electrodes are at open-circuit state due to the insulative nature of the polymer layers (Fig. S3). A completely sealed double-layer structure with little freedom of sliding shows a rather low output (Figs. 5a and b). A structure made of a single polymer layer shows no electric output (Figs. 5c and d). Our controlled experiments show that the triboelectric effect was not responsible for the electric output observed in PNGs. Therefore, the triboelectric nanogenerator offers an alternative way for harvesting mechanical energy, and it by no means contradicts in principle with the PNG. Both approaches use different physical mechanisms for generating electricity, although there are some similarity in physical pictures [11], such as charge generation, charge separation and potential driven flow of induced electrons in external load. Conclusions Although we normally believe that charging of organic materials are a negative effect for scientific research and even practical application, in this paper, we have demon- strated an innovative and effective approach for harvesting energy using the tribology process. The TEG relies on the charge pumping effect of the triboelectric potential, and it is a simple, low-cost, scalable engineering approach. Based on a two layered structure, the electrical output achieved a peak voltage of 3.3 V and current of 0.6 mA with a peak power density of 10.4 mW/cm3. The reported TEG has several unique advantages in comparison to the existing energy harvesting methods. First, this is a new class of generators based on a novel principle and method, which is likely to open up new areas of research in using organic materials for energy harvesting. Second, the entire fabrica- tion process does not require expensive raw materials or sophisticated equipments, which would benefit mass industrial production and practical applications of the technology. Lastly, the device is based on flexible polymer sheets, which have manufacturability, durability and cap- ability of integration with other processing technologies. The TEG exhibits a potential of harvesting energy from human activities, rotating tires, ocean waves, mechanical vibration and more, with great applications in self-powered Figure 5 Performance characterization of the polymer TEGs with different materials (a–b) Kapton and PET before and after the internal friction layer is stuck with glue. (c) One Kapton film and (d) one PET film coated with metal electrodes. (a) and (b) indicate that a small gap with freedom of relative small sliding is necessary in TEG, which does not exist in PNG. (c) and (d) indicate that if there is only one polymer film coated with metal electrodes on the top and bottom surfaces, the triboelectric effect will not exist. The PNG usually just adapted this design. All of these results suggest that the triboelectric effect was not responsible for the electric output observed in PNG. Please cite this article as: F.-R. Fan, et al., Flexible triboelectric generator, Nano Energy (2012), doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.01.004PDF Image | Flexible triboelectric generator
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