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2.1 Selected Industrial Processes for Metals Recovery from E-waste Currently, the major industrial process for metal recovery from e-waste includes pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical and electro-metallurgical processes. A pyrometallurgical process basically involves pre-treatment of e-waste (disassembly, shredding and physical beneficiation), and then smelting of concentrated products to obtain copper bullion. The main techniques of smelting include Isasmelt smelting, Top Submerged Lanced (TSL) smelting and smelting in a Kaldo reactor. In this step, the precious metals are collected in copper matte, and further recovered into anode slimes in an electro-refining process, while pure copper is produced in the cathode. The major advantage of pyrometallurgical treatment is that it is capable of processing any forms of scrap (Ghosh et al., 2015). Aurubis, one of the largest copper producers in the world, efficiently processes a variety of recycling raw materials, such as electronic scrap, precious metal-bearing copper scrap, copper- iron material, as well as tin/lead-bearing recycling raw materials (Aurubis, 2017). The Kayser Recycling System (KRS) is well suited at the Aurubis unit in Lünen, Germany to recycle materials with low levels of copper and precious metals (Aurubis, 2017). The major pyrometallurgical operations are two reduction processes in a submerged lance furnace and top blown rotary converter, respectively, and a melting process in an anode furnace, in which the copper is further refined. The final product that contains 99% copper is cast into copper anodes. Due to the fact that precious metals can be dissolved in copper, lead and matte (Reulter et al., 2013), electrorefining is always utilized as the refining process to further purify copper, while removing and recovering precious metals in the anode slimes (Aurubis, 2017). Likewise, Umicore (Hagelüken, 2006) built up an integrated metals smelter and refinery at the Hoboken Plant, Antwerp, Belgium using copper as a solvent to separate precious metals from other metals that are collected in a lead slag. After leaching and electrowinning, precious metals are obtained as residues that require further refining. The lead slag is sent to a base metal operation in order to be transformed to the impure lead bullion that is sent to the lead refinery. 2.2 Pre-treatment Both disassembly and mechanical processes are used for the liberation and separation of the metallic components from waste PCBs in order to expose the metals for subsequent chemical 11PDF Image | HYDROMETALLURGICAL TREATMENT OF E-SCRAP
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