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processes (Cui et al., 2016). Disassembly of different electronic components mounted on PCBs is one of the most important steps in the recycling process. The dismantling process may be manual, automatic or semiautomatic. Components, such as batteries, may contain toxic heavy metals, requiring special treatments. Thus, the disassembly removes hazardous components and ensures that toxic elements do not contaminate subsequent recycling processes. After the disassembly, dismantled waste printed circuit boards are treated by a series of mechanical processes to liberate metals from non-metallic materials, such as resins, glass fibers and plastics (Cui et al., 2016). The mechanical process is considered the most environmentally friendly methodology to recover metals. Generally, a mechanical process contains shredding, grinding, magnetic separation and electrostatic separation (Cui et al., 2016). However, the major challenge for mechanical processes is poor recovery of base and precious metals. Many studies have been conducted on physical processing. Yoo et al. performed a study to investigate the feasibility of the mechanical process flowsheet, which consisted of milling by a stamp mill, size classification, gravity separation and two-step magnetic separation (Yoo et al, 2009). The results showed that the metallic elements, such as Fe, Cu, Ni and Al, could be concentrated, even though a further optimization of the parameters was required. Li et al. (Li et al, 2007) also investigated a process that contained a two-step crushing and corona electrostatic separation. It appeared that an effective separation of metals from base plates could be accomplished. In the study done by Veit et al. (Veit et al. 2005), 43% iron was reported to the magnetic concentrate. After electrostatic separation, the concentrate of the electrostatic components contained 50% copper, 25% tin and 7% lead, which could be further purified by chemical processes. A novel mechanical process (Duan et al. 2009) looked into the effect of wet impact crushing and falcon centrifugal separation on upgrading the metal grade. The study indicated that the grade of the metal concentrate was up to 92.36% with a recovery of 97.12%. Furthermore, the water medium in the wet impact crushing can cool the machine, and also help the discharge of the crushed material in order to control the over-crushing. Although physical separation is a benefit due to low cost and high environmental friendliness, the high metal loss (10%–35%) (Yazici et al., 2015) can cause a negative effect in economics. For instance, Yazici et al. (Yazici et al., 2015) indicated that the magnetic separation could recover up to 96% Fe and 93% Ni, while more than a 60% loss of copper, gold and palladium occurred because of their association with iron alloy. A gravity separation was studied by Veit et al. (Veit et al. 2014) to investigate the 12PDF Image | HYDROMETALLURGICAL TREATMENT OF E-SCRAP
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