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Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Sclina e t i c ne D.0s0c( ntctwu cd0 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com i2er Economics and Challenges of Li-Ion Battery Recycling from End- Economics and Challengeosf-oLfifLei-VIoenhiBclaetstery Recycling from End- Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017, MESIC 2017, 28-30 June of-Life Vehicles Darlene Ste2w01ar7d, *V,iAgoh(mPoandteMveadyryaa),s,SMpaainrgaret Mann Darlene Steward*, Ahmad Mayyas, Margaret Mann National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, 80401 Costing models for capacity optimization in Industry 4.0: Trade-off National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, 80401 Abstract between used capacity and operational efficiency AThbistrstaucdty sheds light on current and future recycling methods for spent Li-ion batteries from retired vehicles. The demands of Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 16th Global Conference on Sustainable gT(GoheCisSibMsea)ynoonpdenthaecctreasdsiatritoicnlaeluanidmerotfhecaCpCacBitYy-mNCax-NimDizliacteinosne,(chottnptsr:i/b/curteiantgiveaclsoomfmoornosr.goragn/ilzicaetniosens’/sbyp-rnocf-intadb/4i.l0it/y) and value. Manufacturing (GCSM). Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 16th Global Conference on Sustainable Manufacturing (KGeyCwSoMrd)s: Cathode Materials; Environment; Li-ion Battery; Recycling maximization. The study of capacity optimization and costing models is an important research topic that deserves Indeed, lean management and continuous improvement approaches suggest capacity optimization instead of contributions from both the practical and theoretical perspectives. This paper presents and discusses a mathematical 0ne nwg Procedia Manufacturing 33 (2019) 272–279 AvaiPlarobcled 0ir0e–c0t0.c0om Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000 ioanM SSccieienncceeDiirrectt ufa rwi 1c8e) w w Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2017) 000–000 16th Global Conference on Sustainable Manufacturing - Sustainable Manufacturing for Global Circular Economy 16th Global Conference on Sustainable Manufacturing - Sustainable Manufacturing for Global Circular Economy www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia A. Santanaa, P. Afonsoa,*, A. Zaninb, R. Wernkeb Li-ion batteries for automotive applications and power electronics are expected to increase significantly in the next 15-20 years. RThecisysctluindgycsahtehdosdleigmhattoenriaclusrrferonmt aennddf-uotfu-rleiferebcaytctelirniegsmperothvoidessfoarssupsetanitnLabi-lieosnobuarctteroiefsmfarotemriarlest,iraenddvoefhfiecrlsesa.nTehceondoemiacnds of a University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal aLlit-eironatbiavtetefroiresofomreaouftotmheothiivgehavpaplluiceaetlieomnsenantsdspuocwh ears ecloebctarlot naincds naricekexl.pIencsteigdhtos iancdredaisrecstigonisfifcoarnftulytuirne tRhe&nDexwt i1ll5b-2e0 years. bUnochapecó, 89809-000 Chapecó, SC, Brazil pRrecsyecnltiendgicnathiosdpeampeartebraiaselsdforonmthenrde-soufl-tlsifoefbthatetesruipesplpyrocvhiadinesaandsutsetcahinaob-elecosnooumrciecoafnmalaytseersiamlsa,daendfoorfefenrds-oanf-leicfeonlio-mioinc balattetrenriaetisv. e for some of the high value elements such as cobalt and nickel. Insights and directions for future R&D will be presented in this paper based on the results of the supply chain and techno-economic analyses made for end-of-life li-ion batteries. Abstract © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. U©n2d0e1r9 tThhee Acounthcoerps.t Poufbli"sIhnedubsytrEyls4ev.0ie"r, Bp.Vro. duction processes will be pushed to be increasingly interconnected, This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) i©nf2o0rm18aTtihoenAbuatsheodrs.oPnuablrisehaeldtibmyeElbsaevsiseraLntd,. necessarily, much more efficient. In this context, capacity optimization Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 16th Global Conference on Sustainable Manufacturing Keywords: Cathode Materials; Environment; Li-ion Battery; Recycling model for capacity management based on different costing models (ABC and TDABC). A generic model has been 1. Introduction developed and it was used to analyze idle capacity and to design strategies towards the maximization of organization’s Lithium ion batteries (LIB) are a category of batteries of various chemistries that include lithium as a primary value. The trade-off capacity maximization vs operational efficiency is highlighted and it is shown that capacity 1. Introduction cathode and electrolyte component. The primary use of LIB has, until recently, been in consumer electronics. optimization might hide operational inefficiency. Lithium ion batteries (LIB) are a category of batteries of various chemistries that include lithium as a primary However, the use of LIB in battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and large-scale electricity storage applications has led to © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. cathode and electrolyte component. The primary use of LIB has, until recently, been in consumer electronics. rapid growth in the market for LIB, and consequently, their constituent materials. In addition to lithium, critical Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference However, the use of LIB in battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and large-scale electricity storage applications has led to materials used in LIB include cobalt and graphite. Lithium and cobalt are scarce and mined in only a few countries, 2017. rapid growth in the market for LIB, and consequently, their constituent materials. In addition to lithium, critical potentially creating risk in their supply and availability. The increased demand represented by the widespread adoption materials used in LIB include cobalt and graphite. Lithium and cobalt are scarce and mined in only a few countries, Keywords: Cost Models; ABC; TDABC; Capacity Management; Idle Capacity; Operational Efficiency potentially creating risk in their supply and availability. The increased demand represented by the widespread adoption 1*.CIonrrtersopodnudcintgioanuthor. Tel.: +1-303-275-3837; fax: +1-303-630-2125. E-mail address: Darlene.Steward@nrel.gov * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-303-275-3837; fax: +1-303-630-2125. The cost of idle capacity is a fundamental information for companies and their management of extreme importance E-mail address: Darlene.Steward@nrel.gov 2351-9789 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. in modern production systems. In general, it is defined as unused capacity or production potential and can be measured This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) in several ways: tons of production, available hours of manufacturing, etc. The management of the idle capacity P23ee5r1--r9e7v8ie9w©un2d0e1r8rTeshpeoAnsuitbhiolirtsy. oPfutbhleisshceidenbtyifiEclsceovmiemr iLttede. of the 16th Global Conference on Sustainable Manufacturing (GCSM) * Paulo Afonso. Tel.: +351 253 510 761; fax: +351 253 604 741 This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) E-mail address: psafonso@dps.uminho.pt Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 16th Global Conference on Sustainable Manufacturing (GCSM) 2351-9789 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. 2351-9789 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 16th Global Conference on Sustainable Manufacturing (GCSM). 10.1016/j.promfg.2019.04.033 ww.elsevier.com/locate/procedia ww.elsevier.com/locate/procediaPDF Image | Li-ion battery recycling challenges
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