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Li-ion battery recycling challenges

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Darlene Steward et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 33 (2019) 272–279 279 8 Steward et al./ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000 Acknowledgment This work was authored by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. Funding provided by U.S. Department of Energy Office of Efficiency and Renewable Energy Vehicle Technologies Office. The views expressed in the article do not necessarily represent the views of the DOE or the U.S. Government. The U.S. Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this work, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes. References [1] J. Heelan, E. Gratz, Z. Zheng, Q. Wang, M. Chen, D. Apelian, Y. Wang. Current and Prospective Li-Ion Battery Recycling and Recovery Processes. JOM, 68 (2016) 2632 – 2638. [2] N. Nitta, et al. Li-ion battery materials: present and future. Materials Today (2015) 252-264. [3] Avicenne Energy. Christopher Pillot. The rechargeable battery market and main trends 2016-2025. International battery seminar and exhibit. Fort Lauderdale, FL. March 20, 2017. [4] S. Inagaki. How xEV Market Should Grow? Adv. Auto Battery Conference, San Francisco, CA June 2017 [5] Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF). https://about.bnef.com/ [6] I .Gyuk, D.F. Foley, T. Olinsky-Paul. State of the U.S. Energy Storage Industry: 2017 Year in Review. webinar, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy. 2018. [7] U.S. Geological Survey. https://www.usgs.gov/. [8] N. Lebedeva, F. Di Persio, L. Boon-Brett. Lithium ion battery value chain and related opportunities for Europe, European Commission, 2016. https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/sites/jrcsh/files/jrc105010_161214_li-ion_battery_value_chain_jrc105010.pdf. [9] EuroStat. End-of-life vehicles - reuse, recycling and recovery, totals http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/env_waselvt_esms.htm [10] Junk Car Medics. Auto Recycling Recent Trends, Opportunities, and Challenges. the balance small business. Accessed 04/ 2017. https://www.thebalancesmb.com/auto-recycling-recent-trends-opportunities-and-challenges-4011892. [11] M. Fergusson. End of Life Vehicles (ELV) Directive An assessment of the current state of implementation by Member States. Brussels: European Parliament, 2007. [12] Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. 2006. End-of-Life Vehicle Recycling Law. 22 May. Accessed April 13, 2018. http://www.meti.go.jp/policy/recycle/main/english/law/end.html. [13] L. Wang, M. Chen. Policies and perspective on end-of-life vehicles in China. J. of Clean.Prod.(2013) 168-176. [14] K.T. Gradin, C. Luttropp, A. Bjorklund. Investigating improved vehicle dismantling and fragmentation technology. Journal of Cleaner Production 54 (2013) 23-29. [15] B. Golenbiewski, J. Trajer, J. Malgorzata, R.Winiczenko. Modelling of the location of vehicle recycling facilities: A case study in Poland. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 80 (2013) 10-20. [16] K. Wegener, S. Andrew, A. Raatz, K. Droder, C. Herrmann. Disassembly of Electric Vehicle Batteries Using the Example of the Audi Q5 Hybrid System. Procedia CIRP (Elsevier) 23 (2014) 155-160. [17] J. Ordoñez, E.J. Gago, A. Girard. Processes and technologies for the recycling and recovery of spent lithium-ion batteries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 60 (2016) 195–205. [18] Q. Li, J. Chen, L.Fan, X. Kong, Y. Lu. Progress in electrolytes for rechargeable Li-based batteries and beyond. Green Energy & Environment 1 (2016) 18-42. [19] T.W., Ellis, A.H. Mirza, Battery Recycling: Defining the market and identifying the technology required to keep high value materials in the economy and out of the waste dump. Available at: https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/tip/wp/pswp/245_battery_recycling_ defining_the_market.pdf [20] L. Gaines. The future of automotive lithium-ion battery recycling: Charting a sustainable course. Sustainable Materials and Technologies (2014) 2-7. [21] C. Siret. EV&HEV battery developments and prospective: closed-loop battery recycling’. Accessed 02/2018.http://avnir.org/documentation/congres_avnir/telechargements 2012/presentations/SiretLCAconf2012.pdf. [22] W. Lv, Z. Wang, H. Cao, Y. Sun, Y. Zhang, Z.Sun. A Critical Review and Analysis on the Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 6(2018) 1504−1521 [23] J. Spangenberger, L. Gaines, Q. Dai. Comparison of lithium-ion battery recycling processes using the ReCell model. International battery seminar, Fort Lauderdale, FL, March 26-29, 2018. [24] B. Yazicioglu, J. Tygat. Life Cycle Assessments involving Umicore’s Battery Recycling process. DG Environment - Stakeholder Meeting – July 18, 2011. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/batteries/pdf/umicore_pres_18072011.pdf [25] R.Ciez, J.F. Whitacre. The costs and environmental impacts of lithium-ion battery production and recycling. International battery seminar, Fort Lauderdale, FL, March 26-29, 2018.

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