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Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes: Research towards a Sustainable Course Linda Gaines1 Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, United States ARTICLE INFO Article history: Received xx March 2018 Accepted xx March 2018 Available online xx March 2018 Keywords: Lithium-ion Battery recycling 1. Introduction In the first issue of this journal, we some of the issues involved in recycling lithium- ion (Li-ion) batteries [1]. This paper examines the technical and economic issues in more depth, and suggests research topics to overcome some of the hurdles. The main objective of our work for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Energy Storage Office is to identify and characterize technologies that could enable a resource-efficient and economi- cally feasible recycling system for Li-ion batter- ies, particularly those being developed for auto- motive propulsion. In addition to being environ- mentally and financially sound, the technology must be robust to regulatory and institutional roadblocks that might arise. We first identified potential material constraints, and then, through life-cycle analysis of battery production and known recycling options, identified potential en- ergy or emissions issues from all processes, start- ing with materials in the ground and concluding with recycled materials reused in new batteries [2]. We also looked at economic concerns, and are 1 Email address: lgaines @anl.gov. Tel: +1 630 252 4919; fax: + 1 630 252 3443. ABSTRACT There is a need to develop technology to enable a resource-efficient and economically feasible recycling system for lithium-ion batteries and thus assure the future supply of the component materials. Lithium-ion batteries are complex products, and designs and materials are still evolving, which makes planning for future recovery more challenging. Several processes for recycling are proposed or operating, and each has advantages and disadvantages. This paper compares these processes on technical and economic bases, elucidating differences in benefits as a function of cathode composition. Since none of the existing processes is ideal, research areas are suggested that could enable development of improved recycling methods. The most promising research areas are separation technologies. outlined developing a closed-loop, full life-cycle model, called ReCell, to enable quantitative financial and environmental comparisons among recycling pathways. This paper provides a technical and economic comparison of recycling processes to clarify the types of research that could remove barriers to recovery of high-value products from automotive Li-ion batteries. 2. Background Concerns about material constraints on the production of Li-ion batteries first focused on the availability of lithium [3]. However, careful anal- ysis of the world’s production base and the phys- ical availability of the resource revealed that even very aggressive penetration of electric vehicles into the automotive market was unlikely to strain lithium resources out to the year 2050 [4]. Expan- sion of production facilities would need to keep pace with expansion of the other newly-required components. If expansion did not keep pace, short-term difficulties would emerge until bal- ance was gained, but a flurry of interest caused proposed capacity to far exceed likely demand.PDF Image | Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes
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