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Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 5069 2 of 20 through reduction in the size and the cost of the concentrator which typically represents over 60% of the total system cost.Therefore, several researchers have investigated advancing the state-of-the-art with regards to turbine design. Moroz et al. [4] discussed some design aspects for a 100 MW axial sCO2 turbine for a direct sCO2 recompression cycle. Aerodynamic and structural analyses were performed to determine the best design configuration as a function of the number of stages, radial tip clearance androtational speed. Holaind et al. [5] addressed the design of small radial turbomachinery with an output power ranging from 50–85 kW and an efficiency of 70%. Subsequent to that, Qi et al. [6] presented a new insight for a sCO2 radial turbine design for a power rating ranging between 100 and 200 kW through the integration of mean-line design with a loss model where an efficiency of 78–82% has been achieved. Saeed et al. [3] developed an algorithm that allows for the design of a sCO2 radial turbine for CSP application rated at 10 MW. During the design process, a mean-line design tool that uses an enthalpy loss model, geometry optimisation and 3D RANS simulation were performed. As a result of the geometry optimisation, an enhancement in both the efficiency and power output of 5.34% and 5.30 % was achieved respectively [3]. In the same context, Zhou et al. [7] and Zhang et al. [8] proposed 300 kW and 1.5 MW radial sCO2 turbine designs respectively. Zhang et al. [8] added a design of a 15 MW sCO2 axial turbine to their study. They implemented CFD simulations to analyse the flow characteristics of sCO2 turbine components. In the same year, Lv et al. [9] developed an optimisation design approach for a radial-inflow turbine using sCO2. This was done through combining a one-dimensional design method with an optimisation algorithm for both nominal and off design performance conditions for the stage inlet temperature, rotational speed and expansion ratio. Likewise, Shi et al. [10] presented an optimal 10 MW three-stage sCO2 axial turbine design using 3D model, optimisation methods and off design analysis. Considering the potential of sCO2 fluid for small-scale systems, White et al. [11] presented a comparative study between various turbine architectures for a small-scale 100 kW sCO2 Rankine cycle. Single-stage radial-inflow, single-stage axial, and two-stage axial turbines were analysed to identify the most feasible turbine designs based on the limitations of the blade height. It was found that the feasible blade height is in the range of 1.74 to 2.47 mm for a given turbine diameter of 30 mm. Furthermore, it was concluded that a low degree of reaction is preferred for single-stage turbines resulting in supersonic conditions at the rotor inlet. However, a higher degree of reaction is suitable for two-axial stage turbine leading to subsonic rotor inlet conditions. Besides the aforementioned research work in the field of sCO2 turbo-machines designs, a large amount of work has been conducted for micro-scale organic Rankine cycle (ORC) turbine design, using the same design methodology for novel working fluids, including refrigerants such as R134a, R1234yf and R152a. Fiaschi et al. [12] developed a design tool that included a loss model to examine the performance of a 50 kW radial turbine operating with various working fluids. The results of the study demonstrated that an efficiency ranging from 78–85 % can be achieved with a highest value (85%) for R134a and lowest value (78%) for R1234yf. Casati et al. [13] developed two preliminary designs for a five-stage transonic and eight stage supersonic radial-outflow 10 kW ORC turbine. It was found that the transonic turbines outperform the supersonic turbine during the partial-load operations thus resulting in enhanced efficiency. Rahbar et al. [14] proposed a mean-line model integrated with both an optimisation algorithm and a real-gas formulation for a 15 kW radial turbine. The design model resulted in a turbine efficiency ranging from 82.4–84% with a maximum value found for R152a. Lio et al. [15] integrated both mean-line design with loss correlations, developed previously for radial gas turbines, for examining turbine size, working conditions and predicting the efficiency of radial-inflow turbine operating with R245fa. The study revealed that the turbine size has a noticeable effect on the efficiency, and thus an efficiency of 85 to 90% at high expansion ratio has been attained at an output power greater than 50 kW. Radial turbines are known to be an effective and compact machine for small-scale applications with a power ranging from 50 kW to 5 MW, allowing for the expansion of the working fluid in one single stage [12]. Thus, the radial-inflow turbine configuration has been the main candidate for small-sizePDF Image | Mean-Line Design of a Supercritical CO2 Micro Axial Turbine
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