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performance of the whole plant when different working fluids are used. To do so, the turbine efficiency was studied as a function of the Volume Ratio (which accounts for compressibility effects (Macchi, 2013)) and the Size Parameter (which accounts for the dimensions of the expander). Each pair of SP and VR gives a specific turbine efficiency, which increases with lower VR and higher SP (Astolfi and Macchi, 2015). For the low density at the outlet of the turbine results into a high SP, which benefits the turbine efficiency. shows how the expander efficiency influences the overall power plant second law efficiency. Three different efficiencies were obtained for each studied working fluid, corresponding to a 1-, 2- or 3-stage expansion. Results from Figure 6 show that increasing the number of stages leads to an increase of the expander efficiency for all the simulated working fluids, although some of them are more sensitive to this change than others. The best and worst working fluids are still the same (propylene and CO2 respectively) when moving from 1 to 3 expansion stages. Regarding the rest of the working fluids, some as acetone, butane, and MM are experiencing the greater improvements when increasing the turbine number of stages, while the R32 and the propyne are experiencing the lowest ones. number of stages, a 3.63%, which results into a second law efficiency rise of 1.29%. Fluids such as R32 experience only an improvement of 1.83% on the turbine efficiency when moving from 1 to 3 stages of expansion, and this means a plant efficiency increase of only 0.65%. On the other side, for CO2, even though the turbine efficiency experiences one of the highest improvements (3.72%), the second law efficiency does not experience a great change (only 1%). Figure 7 shows how the SP and 𝑉 influence the 𝑅 efficiency of the turbine with only one stage for the different simulated working fluids. Working fluids with the highest efficiencies are the H2O, methanol, acetone and toluene, while those ones with the lowest turbine efficiencies are CO2, ammonia and propylene. For the low density at the outlet of the turbine results into a high [%] Figure 6. Influence of the expander efficiency on the second law efficiency of the whole power plant for different working fluids Increasing the number of expansion stages for MM results into an increase of the turbine efficiency close to a 5%, which implies a second law efficiency improvement of 1.76%. Acetone also shows a great turbine efficiency improvement when increasing the SP, which benefits the turbine efficiency. Figure 7. Volume ratio and Size Parameter influence on the expander efficiency with one stage of expansion and for the different simulated working fluids. 5 Conclusions After having carried out an analysis of the ORC for 39 different working fluids and under different cycle layouts and configurations, some conclusions have been reached: 1. Those working fluids with a critical temperature and maximum temperature of the cycle relationship between 0.93 and 1.02 (such as propylene and R1234yf) are showing the best results. Fluids with too low critical temperatures are giving the lowest efficiencies. DOI: 10.3384/ecp17138251 Proceedings of the 58th SIMS 260 September 25th - 27th, Reykjavik, Iceland [%]PDF Image | ORC for Power Generation Low Temperature Geothermal Heat Source
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