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2. Regarding the use of a recuperator, the dry and isentropic fluids are experiencing the highest efficiency improvements, while some wet fluids do not have potential to operate under this cycle layout (the second law efficiency for the whole power plant drops). 3. Fluids with a low critical temperature are much more dependent on the pump performance than those ones with a high critical temperature, due to the high Backwork Ratios of the former. 4. Increasing the number of stages for the turbine results into an efficiency improvement for all the studied cases. The degree of improvement is a functionofthevariationofthe𝑉 andSP. 5. It was demonstrated that H2O and CO2 are not suitable working fluids for an ORC with a low- temperature heat source for low-capacity power plants. In case of co-generation for the cycle or higher power productions, their potential may increase, but this should be studied. 𝑅 Acknowledgements This research was supported by the NTNU Department of Energy and Process Engineering, which provided the funding. We would like to thank them for having made this research and study possible. References Agromayor, R., Nord, L.O. (2017). Fluid selection and thermodynamic optimization of organic Rankine cycles for waste heat recovery applications. Energy Procedia (in press). Astolfi, M., Macchi, E. (2015). Efficiency correlations for axial flow turbines working with non-conventional fluids. Asme Orc 2015 (83), 1-12. Bao, J., Zhao, L. (August, 2013). A review of working fluid and expander selections for organic Rankine cycle. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (24), 325-342. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.03.040 Borsukiewicz-Gozdur, A. (2013). Pumping work in the organic Rankine cycle. Applied Thermal Engineering (51), 781-786. doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.10.033 Colonna, P., Casati, E., Trapp, C., Mathijssen, T., Larjola, J., Turunen-Saaresti, T., Uusitalo, A. (2015). Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems: From the Concept to Current Technology Applications, and an Outlook to the Future. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 137, 100801-19. doi: 10.1115/1.4029884 Feng, Y., Hung, T., Greg, K., Zhang, Y., Li, B., Yang, J. (2015). Thermodynamic comparison between pure and mixture working fluids of organic Rankine cycles (ORCs) for low temperature waste heat recovery. Energy Conversion and Management. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2015.09.042 Frutiger, J., Andreasen, J., Liu, W., Spliethoff, H., Haglind, F., Abildskov, J., Sin, G. (2016). Working fluid selection for organic Rankine cycles - Impact of uncertainty of fluid properties. Energy (109), 987-997. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2016.05.010 Haberle, F., Preisinger, M., & Brüggemann, D. (2012). Zeotropic mixtures as working fluids in Organic Rankine Cycles for low-enthalpy geothermal resources. Renew Energy (37), 364-370. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2011.06.044 Hærvig, J. S. (2016). Guidelines for optimal selection of working fluid for an organic Rankine cycle in relation to waste heat recovery. Energy (96), 592-602. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2015.12.098 Hung, T.C., Wang, S.K., Kuo, C.H., Pei, B.S, Tsai, K.F. (2010). A study of organic working fluids on system efficiency of an ORC using low-grade energy sources. Energy (35), 1403-1411. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2009.11.025 Landelle, A., Tauveron, N., Revellin, R., Haberschill, P., Colasson, S., Roussel, V. (2017). Performance investigation of reciprocating pump running with organic fluid for organic Rankine cycle. Applied Thermal Engineering (113), 962-969. doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.11.096 Liu, Q., Duan, Y., Yang, Z. (2013). Performance analyses of geothermal organic Rankine cycle with selected Proceedings of the 58th SIMS 261 September 25th - 27th, Reykjavik, Iceland Nomenclature Acronyms and symbols BWR Backwork Ratio [kW/kW] 𝜌 Density [kg/m3] 𝜂 Efficiency [%] h Enthalpy [J/kg] ̇ 𝐸 Exergy flow [kW] ̇ 𝑄 Heat flow [kW] 𝑚̇ Mass flow [kg/s] MW Molecular Weight [kg/mole] ̇ 𝑊 Power [kW] p Pressure [bar] SP Size Parameter [m] T Temperature [K] 𝑉 Volume ratio [-] GWP Global Warming Potential HC Hydrocarbon HFC Hydrofluorocarbon HFO Hydrofluoroolefin ODP Ozone Depletion Potential ORC Organic Rankine Cycle Subscripts amb ambient c condenser crit critical hot hot-source in turbine inlet s isentropic out turbine outlet rec recuperator turb turbine w.f working fluid 𝑟 DOI: 10.3384/ecp17138251PDF Image | ORC for Power Generation Low Temperature Geothermal Heat Source
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