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Figure1. DiagramsoftheRankinecyclesmodelledinthisstudy.(a)SchematicdiagramofaRankinecycle.(b)T–sdiagramsfordifferentRankinecycles. are used to describe the fluid pump, heat exchanger, turbine and condenser. FluidProp is used to calculate the thermodynamic properties of the working fluid used in the cycle. For given heat source and heat sink streams, the mass flow rate and turbine inlet pressure (TIP) of the ORC must be speci- fied in order to model the cycle. Preliminary investigations sug- gested that the ability of an ORC to recover useful work is less sensitive to the mass flow rate of working fluid around the cycle than it is to TIP. So, the mass flow rate of the working fluid ðm_ O;kg=sÞ was fixed at 60% of the waste heat source mass flow rate, in all of the cycle predictions included in this paper. The method of modelling the heat exchange process also assumes that the isobars on the temperature–enthalpy (T–H) diagrams in the unsaturated state are straight lines. An upper limit for TIP of 0.81Pcrit, where Pcrit is the property at critical point, was set in order to limit the error associated with this assumption. A lower limit of 1% of the critical pressure was also selected to ensure that the condenser vacuum always remained within practically achievable limits. Therefore, cycle calculations were only carried out for TIP values in the range of 0:01Pcrit , TIP , 0:81Pcrit: The ORC modelling strategy is shown by the flow diagram in Figure 2, and it is described in detail in the following Sections 3.1 and 3.2. 3.1 Heat input, condenser and heat exchanger models The ORC model has been designed to allow cycle optimization within the boundaries defined by the available operating condi- tions. The waste heat source and heat sink enthalpy fluxes are needed as inputs for the cycle optimization calculations (see Figure 2). A typical TH pinch point diagram is shown in Figure 3 for the ORC heat input process. The enthalpy flux avail- able from the heat source (defined by input variables m_ S, PS and TS;H, see Table 1) and the heat exchanger pinch point tempera- ture ðDTP;H Þ are input parameters. Organic Rankine cycles in waste heat recovery International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 2013, 8, i9–i18 i11 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ijlct/article/8/suppl_1/i9/771990 by guest on 13 January 2021PDF Image | Organic Rankine cycles in waste heat recovery
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